Succession in deciduous swamp communities of southeastern Michigan formerly dominated by American elm

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burton V. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Old Fields ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Average Life Span ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Fraxinus Nigra ◽  
Carpinus Caroliniana

Fifty-six permanent sample plots were established in deciduous swamp communities of south-eastern Michigan where Ulmus americana was dominant before introduction of the Dutch elm disease. Plots were also established in old fields where elm seedlings were present. The purpose of the study was to determine the composition of the overstory, understory, and seedling layers in deciduous swamp forests and to provide a base line for determining the fate of young seedling and sapling elms, and the rate and nature of succession in the deciduous swamp communities. The major overstory species in the three swamps studied were Fraxinus nigra, Acer rubrum, and Betula alleghaniensis. These species were also dominant in the understory along with smaller numbers of Carpinus caroliniana, Ulmus americana, Tilia americana, and Fraxinus pennsylvanica. In the next generation the communities will be much as they are today. The overstory dominants are also strongly represented in the seedling layer. Ulmus americana was more abundant in this layer than in the understory. Therefore, Ulmus has not been eliminated from the deciduous swamps but makes up about 10 to 15% of the understory and seedling layers. Old fields and other open upland areas are much more important habitats for regeneration of Ulmus than swamp communities. Indications are that unlike Castanea dentata, Ulmus americana will be perpetuated for generations by seeds from young elm trees; however, the average life span of the species will be drastically reduced.

An analysis of elm (Ulmus americana) mortality in a second-growth hardwood forest in southeastern Michigan

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 1120-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis J. Richardson ◽  
Charles W. Cares
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Forest Community ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Hardwood Forest ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Quercus Macrocarpa ◽  
Second Growth

A second-growth hardwood forest containing both wet lowland and mesic upland sites in southeastern Michigan was studied 24 years after the introduction of Dutch elm disease. American elm (Ulmus americana) surprisingly had the highest importance value (IV = 61/300) (IV = relative density + relative dominance + relative frequency). Two other species (Acer rubrum and Quercus macrocarpa) closely followed elm with IVs of 41/300 and 38/300. respectively. Mortality for all trees surveyed was 20.4%. Elm comprised 86.6% of this total. Although reduced, the present IV for elm and the percentage of living individuals in each diameter class indicate that elm is still an important species in the forest community. Elm mortality reached 100% only on the poorly drained lowland pockets where densities of elm exceeded 50%. Its high reproductive capacity and dispersal rate indicate that elm will continue to exist as an important species, even if not a canopy dominant, in some types of hardwood communities.

The Microscopy of Compatibility and Incompatibility in Ulmus

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 504-505
Author(s):  
B. L. Redmond ◽  
Christopher F. Bob
Keyword(s):  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Hybrid Progeny ◽  
Ulmus Pumila ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
American Elm ◽  
Asian Species ◽  
Ulmus Parvifolia ◽  
Initial Appearance ◽  
Chinese Elm

The American Elm (Ulmus americana L.) has been plagued by Dutch Elm Disease (DED), a lethal disease caused by the fungus Ceratocystis ulmi (Buisman) c. Moreau. Since its initial appearance in North America around 1930, DED has wrought inexorable devastation on the American elm population, triggering both environmental and economic losses. In response to the havoc caused by the disease, many attempts have been made to hybridize U. americana with a few ornamentally less desirable, though highly DED resistant, Asian species (mainly the Siberian elm, Ulmus pumila L., and the Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.). The goal is to develop, through breeding efforts, hybrid progeny that display the ornamentally desirable characteristics of U. americana with the disease resistance of the Asian species. Unfortunately, however, all attempts to hybridize U. americana have been prevented by incompatibility. Only through a firm understanding of both compatibility and incompatibility will it be possible to circumvent the incompatibility and hence achieve hybridization.

Xylella fastidiosa. [Distribution map].

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Prunus Dulcis ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Platanus Occidentalis

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. Bacteria. Hosts: Grapevine (Vitis vinifera and others), peach (Prunus persica), Citrus, almond (Prunus dulcis), lucerne (Medicago sativa), some wild trees (including Acer rubrum, Platanus occidentalis, Quercus rubra, Ulmus americana), other wild plants and weeds. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (France, Italy), Asia (Taiwan), North America (Canada (Ontario), Mexico, USA (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia)), Central America and Caribbean (Costa Rica), and South America (Argentina, Brazil (Bahia, Goias, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe), Paraguay, Venezuela).

Decennial growth and mortality following uniform partial cutting in yellow birch – conifer stands

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Prévost ◽  
Daniel Dumais
Keyword(s):  
Stand Structure ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Tree Survival

Estimating residual tree survival and growth is crucial for evaluating the overall merit of partial harvesting. In this case study, we present the effects of different cutting intensities (0%, 40%, 50%, and 60% of merchantable (diameter at breast height ≥ 9.1 cm) basal area (BA)) on the response of residual trees in two mixed yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) – conifer stands in eastern Quebec, Canada. Primarily aimed at promoting regeneration establishment, the experiment was conducted in two sites 90 km apart (Armagh and Duchesnay), each one containing four replicates of treatments in a randomized block design. Mortality after cutting decreased with increasing BA removal, but losses were two to three times higher at Armagh (62–138 stems/ha) than at Duchesnay (22–88 stems/ha). Loss of conifer stems involved primarily balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) under natural conditions (control), whereas fir and red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) were equally affected in partial cuts. Red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) were lost regardless of treatment. As a whole, growth in merchantable BA increased with cutting intensity. Uniform partial cuts produced good BA growth response from conifers at Armagh (0.27–0.28 m2·ha−1·year−1) and from hardwoods at Duchesnay (0.16–0.25 m2·ha−1·year−1), whereas BA growth was negligible for both species groups in the control. We examine the role of species composition and stand structure before cutting in the response of residual trees.

The role of cotyledons in growth and development of woody angiosperms

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Marshall ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Weight Increment ◽  
Stems And Leaves

The role of photosynthetically active cotyledons in the growth of young woody angiosperm seedlings was studied over a 35-day period under controlled environmental conditions. Two experiments were performed. In the first, cotyledons of Robinia pseudoacacia, Ulmus americana, and Ailanthus altissima were removed or covered at 7, 14, or 21 days after seedling emergence. In the second experiment, seedlings of Robinia pseudoacacia, Betula alleghaniensis, and Acer saccharum were grown over a range of light intensities. Removing or covering Robinia cotyledons of seedlings of any age resulted in lower dry weights of roots and stems than in controls. Removing or covering cotyledons of only 7-day-old Robinia seedlings retarded dry weight increase of foliage. Robinia seedling heights were unaffected by cotyledon covering or removal. Covering Ulmus americana cotyledons had no significant effect on dry weight increment of stems or foliage or on seedling height. Removal of Ulmus cotyledons from 7-day-old seedlings inhibited dry weight increase of roots, stems, and leaves and inhibited height growth. Removal of Ailanthus cotyledons inhibited dry weight increment of roots, stems, and leaves more than did covering of cotyledons. Species varied greatly in cotyledon development and response to light intensity. Cotyledon size was affected by light intensity in Robinia, but not in Betula or Acer. Responses of cotyledons to light intensity differed from those of foliage leaves. Cotyledon photosynthesis appeared to have a very important role in seedling growth in Robinia and Ailanthus and a less important role in Ulmus.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document