Changes in proteins and free and total amino acids of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) infected with Aspergillus parasiticus

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (22) ◽  
pp. 2639-2649 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Cherry ◽  
Clyde T. Young ◽  
Larry R. Beuchat
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Total Amino Acids

Protein and amino acid composition of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) inoculated with Aspergillus parasiticus Speare were compared with those of non-infected seeds during an 18-day test period to determine metabolic changes within this interrelationship. The levels of buffer-soluble proteins of infected peanuts decreased rapidly to quantities much lower than those of non-infected seeds shortly after inoculation. Simultaneously, the levels of insoluble proteins increased to quantities greater than those contained in soluble fractions. Gel electrophoresis of soluble extracts from inoculated peanuts showed that proteins were hydrolyzed to many small-molecular-weight components, which eventually disappeared as fungal growth progressed. A corresponding increase in quantity of most free amino acids was observed shortly after inoculation of the peanuts. Major changes in free amino acid content coincided with substantial alterations of proteins in both soluble and insoluble fractions. These data suggested that inoculation of peanuts with A. parasiticus initiated a sequence of events whereby proteins were hydrolyzed first to small polypeptides and (or) insoluble components, then to free amino acids. After extended periods of infection, levels of free amino acids varied from day to day, suggesting that differential utilization of these components by the fungus was occurring. Quantities of total amino acids in whole seeds and soluble and insoluble fractions were different for non-inoculated and inoculated peanuts. Distinct differences were especially notable among samples of these three fractions of inoculated seeds. Differences in total amino acid contents apparently reflect qualitative and quantitative changes in proteins and (or) polypeptides present in various fractions examined during the infection period.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Storage and Its Interaction with Carbohydrates of Young Almond Trees in Response to Nitrogen Supply

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 796C-796
Author(s):  
Guihong Bi* ◽  
Carolyn Scagel ◽  
Lailiang Cheng ◽  
Leslie Fuchigami
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Supply ◽  
N Assimilation ◽  
Predominant Amino Acid ◽  
Total Amino Acids

June-budded `Nonpareil/Nemaguard' almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill) D.A. Webb) trees were fertigated with one of five nitrogen (N) concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 mm) in a modified Hoagland's solution from July to September. In October, the trees were sprayed twice with either water or 3% urea, then harvested after natural leaf fall and stored at 2°C. Trees were destructively sampled during winter storage to determine their concentrations of amino acids, protein, and non-structural carbohydrates (TNC). Increasing N supply either via N fertigation during the growing season or with foliar urea applications in the fall increased the concentrations of both free and total amino acids, whereas decreased their C/N ratios. Moreover, as the N supply increased, the proportion of nitrogen stored as free amino acids also increased. However, protein was still the main form of N used for storage. The predominant amino acid in both the free and total amino-acid pools was arginine. Arginin N accounted for an increasing proportion of the total N in both the free and total amino acids as the N supply was increased. However, the proportion of arginine N was higher in the free amino acids than in the total amino acids. A negative relationship was found between total amino acid and non-structural carbohydrate concentrations, suggesting that TNC is increasingly used for N assimilation as the supply of N increases. Urea applications decreased the concentrations of glucose, fructose, and sucrose, but had little influence on concentrations of sorbitol and starch. We conclude that protein is the primary form of storage N, and that arginine is the predominant amino acid. Furthermore, the synthesis of amino acids and proteins comes at the expense of non-structural carbohydrates.

scholarly journals Free and Total Amino Acid Composition of Maturing Seed from Six Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. M. Basha ◽  
J. P. Cherry ◽  
C. T. Young
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Total Amino Acids

Abstract Maturing seeds of six peanut cultivars (Arachis hypogaea L.) varying in protein content at maturity showed differences in rate of change of dry weight, crude protein, and free and total amino acids. Seeds of the high-protein cultivars increased in dry weight and deposited protein at a more rapid rate between immature and low intermediate stages of maturation than did those of the low- and intermediate-protein cultivars. Free amino acid content in seeds classified as low-intermediate maturity from all cultivars was significantly less than was that of those at the immature stage. The greatest change was in seed of the high-protein group. The rate of change of content of selected free amino acids among seed was different for the three groups of cultivars. Similar observations were noted as the content of select total amino acids increased in maturing seeds. Variations in quantities of free amino acids in immature seeds and differences in the rate at which they are incorporated into proteins of seeds from various cultivars suggest that there is genetic variability in the mechanism for synthesis of selected proteins. These differences also indicate the potential for the development of peanut cultivars having seed with nutritionally desirable protein.

scholarly journals The amino acid composition of cotyledons, testa, embryo and protein fractions of bean seeds

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
Ryszard Kosson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Total Amino Acid

The contribution of cotyledons, embryo and testa to the whole seed, was analyzed in the bean cultivar, Wiejska. The total nitrogen content and amino acid composition of morphological parts of the seed were determined. The average amino acid composition of globulins and albumins and the content of free amino acids in seeds of six Polish cultivars were estimated as well. It was found that the embryo contained the highest quantity of total nitrogen and the lowest of protein nitrogen. The exogenous amino acid content in the embryo was higher than in cotyledons and testa. Both albumins and globulins were shown to contain 42% exogenous amino acids. The content of methionine - the first limiting amino acid of bean proteins - did not exceed 0.30% of the total amino acid content in albumins and globulins. Free glutamic and aspartic acids made up more than 60% of the total free amino acids.

THE METABOLISM OF YEAST SPORULATION: VI. CHANGES IN AMINO ACID CONTENT DURING SPOROGENESIS

1964 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 623-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ramirez ◽  
J. J. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Proline Content ◽  
Sporulation Medium ◽  
Free Proline

During 6-day exposures of cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to acetate sporulation medium, the content of free amino acids declined to approximately one-third of that of vegetative cells, but proline was exceptional in that it increased conspicuously in amount. The content of combined amino acids also diminished to about one-third, ammonia was evolved, and amino acids (not including proline) passed out of the cells into the medium. When dihydroxyacetone replaced acetate in the sporulation medium, the results were similar except that the decline in content of free and combined amino acids was much greater, more ammonia was evolved, and only very small amounts of amino acids could be detected in the medium. Transfer of sporulated cells to growth medium led to an increase in the pool of free amino acids, except for proline, which declined in amount.In two other species of Saccharomyces the free proline content also increased on exposure to sporulation medium, but in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Torulopsis famata no such increase was observed.

Free Amino Acids in Human Saliva

1973 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 418-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan H. Papanayotou ◽  
Joanna Dozi-Vassiliades ◽  
Anast. Kovatsis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Column Chromatography ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Human Saliva ◽  
Chromatographic Techniques

By the use of thin layer chromatographic techniques and exchange column chromatography, 20 free amino acids were found in human saliva. No qualitative or semiquantitative differences in the amino acid content were observed among caries-susceptible and caries-resistant individuals 20 to 30 years old.

scholarly journals Free Amino Acids and Biogenic Amines in Canned European Eels: Influence of Processing Step, Filling Medium and Storage Time

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1377
Author(s):  
Lucía Gómez-Limia ◽  
Roxana Cutillas ◽  
Javier Carballo ◽  
Inmaculada Franco ◽  
Sidonia Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Biogenic Amines ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Biogenic Amine ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
And Storage

This study evaluated the effects of the canning process and different filling media on the free amino acid and biogenic amine contents of eels. The main free amino acids were histidine, taurine and arginine, which constituted 72% of the free amino acids in raw eels. All steps in the canning process significantly altered the free amino acid content of eels, relative to raw samples. The changes were influenced by the step, the composition of the frying or filling medium and the storage time. The biogenic amine contents were very low in all samples. Histamine was not detected in either raw eels or canned eels. The highest values were obtained for 2-phenylethylamine. The step of the canning process, the composition of the frying or filling medium and storage time also determined the changes in the biogenic amine contents. The biogenic amines indices were low, indicating the good quality of canned eels.

scholarly journals Free amino acids as phagostimulants in cricket nuptial gifts: support for the ‘Candymaker’ hypothesis

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Warwick ◽  
Karim Vahed ◽  
David Raubenheimer ◽  
Stephen J Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Free Amino Acid Content ◽  
Nuptial Gifts

Nuptial gifts that are manufactured by the male are found in numerous insect species and some spiders, but there have been very few studies of the composition of such gifts. If, as has been proposed recently, nuptial gifts represent sensory traps, males will be selected to produce gifts that are attractive to females but such gifts will not necessarily provide the female with nutritional benefits (the ‘Candymaker’ hypothesis). We examined the free amino acid content of the spermatophylax of the cricket Gryllodes sigillatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The spermatophylax (dry weight) consisted of approximately 7 per cent free amino acids. The free amino acid composition was highly imbalanced, with a low proportion of essential amino acids (18.7%) and a high proportion of proline and glycine. The main free amino acids found in the spermatophylax appeared to act as phagostimulants: the duration of feeding on artificial gels by females was positively related to the free amino acid content of the gels. The results therefore suggest that males use free amino acids to ‘sweeten’ a relatively low-value food item. A possible function of glycine in inhibiting female movement is also proposed.

scholarly journals Metabolism of heat-damaged proteins in the rat

1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Ford ◽  
C. Shorrock
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Carbohydrate Complex ◽  
Urinary Peptide

1. Freeze-dried cod muscle and casein were subjected to various conditions of heat treat-ment. Diets containing the different products, or the unheated materials, were given to a group of four adult male rats during successive 48 h periods, and urine was collected during the second 24 h of each 48 h period. A further collection of urine was made from the rats after they had been given protein isolated from heated skim-milk powder. The content and amino acid composition of the ‘peptide’ and ‘free amino acids’ in the urines were determined.2. Heat damage to the cod-fillet protein increased the total urinary excretion of peptide-bound amino acids, from 18·6 to 48·8 µmol/rat.d. The composition of the peptide also changed, and in particular there was a marked increase in lysine, from 2·98 to 20·30 µmol %. Three amino acids - lysine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid - together comprised nearly 70 % of the total amino acid residues. There was a corresponding increase in urinary excretion of free amino acids, from 53·7 to I 14·4 µmol/rat.d. The combined losses of lysine in urinary peptide and free amino acids were 1·5 % of the total lysine ingested, as against 0·3 % for the unheated cod fillet.3. The effects of similar heat treatment of casein on the composition of the urinary peptide and free amino acids were less marked. There was no increase in total urinary peptide excretion and there was a smaller increase in the lysine content of the peptide.4. In urine of rats given protein isolated from heated skim-milk powder, the peptide hydro-lysate was rich in lysine and in furosine, which together comprised 41 mol % of the total amino acid composition. These compounds were presumably formed, together with a smaller quantity of pyridosine, from lysine-carbohydrate complex in the urine. It is probable that, as compared with free lysine, the lysine-carbohydrate complex was absorbed relatively in-efficiently from the rat intestine.5. The findings are discussed in relation to the wider question of the metabolism of the ‚unavailable peptide’ that is released in the course of digestion of heat-damaged protein.

ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF FREE AMINO ACIDS CONTENT IN UTERINE FLUID IN PREGNANT RABBITS

1972 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jaszczak ◽  
E. S. E. Hafez
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Endocrine Control ◽  
Uterine Fluid

ABSTRACT Free amino acid content was measured in the uterine fluid and blood serum in the following groups of rabbits 168 h post copulation: intact; intact progesterone-treated; ovariectomized progesterone-treated; ovariectomized progesterone-oestradiol-treated; and ovariectomized without hormonal treatment. At implantation, concentration of the majority of amino acid in uterine fluid exceeded greatly that of blood serum; the difference in concentration being maximal for glycine, taurine, alanine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine and threonine. Glutamine-asparagine and arginine were found in comparable quantities or were even higher in blood serum. Glycine, alanine, taurine, glutamic acid, serine and glutamine-asparagine were found in highest concentration in the uterine fluid. The level of ammonia in uterine fluid was also relatively high. Exogenous progesterone and oestradiol caused significant changes in the concentration of some amino acid. The concentration of glycine, taurine, alanine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, threonine, ½ cystine and histidine seems to be especially hormonally dependent. The results are discussed in relation to hormonal activity of corpora lutea during early pregnancy, physiological significance of free amino acids in uterine fluid and nourishment of an early embryo.

Free amino acids of sunflower hypocotyl tissue during crown gall tumor development

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Behki ◽  
S. M. Lesley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Free Proline ◽  
Total Free Amino Acids ◽  
Hypocotyl Tissue

The concentration of each free amino acid present in hypocotyl tissue of sunflower seedlings was determined during the period following both sterile wounding and inoculation with either tumorigenic (strain 1025) or non-tumorigenic (strain IIBNV6) Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The concentration of the total free amino acids of hypocotyl tissue reached a maximum 68 hours after infection with strain 1025 and this level was 50% greater than that found in plants treated with strain IIBNV6. The total content of free basic amino acids increased to a peak value at 20 hours after infection by strain 1025 and this represented 1.4 to 3 times the level found in strain IIBNV6 inoculated seedlings at 20 hours.The amount of free proline decreased with time and it was essentially absent 164 hours after infection with strain 1025. At 2 months the concentration of free proline in the tumor tissue was greatly increased with 75% of the total free amino acids accounted for as proline.The free amino acid content of strain 1025 growing in either the presence or absence of an extract from wounded seedlings was measured and the results indicated no significant relationship between the plant and bacterial systems with regard to their free amino acid pools.

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