Leaf diversity in yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis)

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 2407-2414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce P. Dancik ◽  
Burton V. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Canonical Variate ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Population Comparisons ◽  
Canonical Variates ◽  
Long Shoots

Analysis of leaves from several crown positions of a single yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) indicated that particular short-shoot leaves from the middle and lower inside crown were more uniform than those from other crown positions. The short-shoot leaves typically occur in pairs. Each pair consists of two distinctly different leaves, termed here the A and B leaves. The A leaf is consistently larger, with more veins and teeth and a more inequilateral base than the B leaf. Because of their relative uniformity, lower inside crown A leaves would be useful as "standard" leaves for among-tree and among-population comparisons. Late leaves, borne on long shoots in exposed portions of the upper crown, were smaller than the short-shoot leaves in all dimensions. Principal components and canonical variates of the short-shoot leaves from the lower and middle inside crown exhibited the most compact and least variable groupings of all of the leaf types. The first canonical variate separated the leaves of the lower and middle crown from those of the upper crown. The second canonical variate separated A and B leaves. Observations of emerging leaves indicated no systematic differences in position of the A and B leaf.

Leaf Variability in Yellow Birch (Betulaalleghaniensis) in Relation to Environment

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce P. Dancik ◽  
Burton V. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Canonical Variate ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Phenotypic Characters ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Canonical Variates ◽  
Leaf Variation ◽  
Prim Network

Four multivariate techniques were used to analyze 13 characteristics of standard leaves of 809 yellow birches in 112 populations on selected site types in the western upper Great Lakes region to determine the variability in leaf morphology of yellow birch and to elucidate patterns of leaf variation related to differences in the sites on which the birches grew. There were significant among-population differences for each of the leaf characters, but there were no consistent groupings of the populations based on several single-character analyses. There was a significant canonical correlation between leaf morphology and the site conditions of the populations. Principal components and Prim network analysis indicated groupings of the populations that were related to ecological conditions of the sites. Of all methods used, canonical variates were the most biologically meaningful and revealed the strongest relationship between morphology and environment. The populations were arranged on canonical variate axes along natural gradients of soil pH, relative drainage, or climatic conditions of the site. The phenotypic characters may be under genetic control and probably have evolved in response to complex environmental factors. Mass collections of standard leaves of yellow birch growing over a wide range of sites appear to be useful in determining patterns of genetic differentiation in the species.

Rare forest types in northeastern Ontario: a classification and analysis of representation in protected areas

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Drever ◽  
James Snider ◽  
Mark C. Drever
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Habitat Specificity ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
Eastern White Cedar

Our objective was to assess the relative rarity and representation within protected areas of Standard Forest Units (SFUs) in northeastern Ontario by applying the concepts of geographic range, habitat specificity, and local population size. SFUs are stand type classifications, routinely employed by forest managers, based on tree composition, disturbance history, and prescribed silvicultural system. We identified several SFUs as rare because of a narrow distribution, association with only one landform type, or lack of at least one stand larger than an ecoregion-specific threshold. In the Boreal forest, rare SFUs comprised stands dominated by eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière), red oak ( Quercus rubra L.), yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), or eastern white-cedar ( Thuja occidentalis L.). Rare SFUs also included eastern white pine ( Pinus strobus L.) and (or) red pine ( Pinus resinosa Ait.) leading stands managed by shelterwood or seed tree silviculture as well as low-lying deciduous stands and selection-managed stands of shade-tolerant species. In the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence forest, rare SFUs were yellow birch stands, stands dominated by conifer species abundant in the Boreal, and shelterwood-managed hardwood stands. Several rare SFUs had <12% of their total area in protection, i.e., stands dominated by eastern white pine, yellow birch, eastern white pine – red oak, or eastern white-cedar. These rare stand types require increased protection in reserves and tailored silvicultural practices to maintain their probability of persistence.

scholarly journals Tolerant hardwood natural regeneration 15 years after various silvicultural treatments on an industrial freehold of northwestern New Brunswick

2013 ◽  
Vol 89 (04) ◽  
pp. 512-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Béland ◽  
Bruno Chicoine
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Selection Cutting

We examined applicability of various partial cutting systems in order to regenerate tolerant hardwood stands dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccarhum), American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) on northern New Brunswick J.D. Irving Ltd. freehold land. Sampling of 1065 one-m2 plots in 31 stands managed by selection cutting, shelterwood method and strip or patch cutting and in six control stands allowed a 15-year retrospective study of natural regeneration in stands of low residual densities and with minimal soil disturbance and no control of competing vegetation. Beech regeneration was most abundant in the patch cuts, yellow birch in shelterwood stands and sugar maple in the selection system areas. Results suggest that initial stand conditions influence the composition of the regeneration more than the prescribed treatment. At the stand scale (a few hectares), sugar maple recruitment was positively influenced by its proportion in the initial stand, and negatively by the cover of herbs and shrubs. Yellow birch regeneration was mainly affected by shrub competition. At the plot (1 m2) scale, mineral soil and decayed wood substrates and ground-level transmitted light were determinant factors for yellow birch regeneration. Beech-dominated stands were likely to regenerate to beech. A dense beech sucker understory was promoted in harvested patches. Areas with dense understory of American beech, shrubs, or herbs require site preparation to reduce interference either before or at the time of partial cutting. Shelterwood seed cutting and selection cutting should leave a residual of 12 m2/ha and 17 m2/ha respectively in seed trees uniformly distributed.

Leaf area development on different shoot types in a young aspen stand and its effect upon production

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 1801-1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. W. Pollard
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Area Development ◽  
Leaf Area Development ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiencies

Different shoot types in aspen crowns carried leaves of different ages; leaders continued to produce leaves until early August and always carried some young leaves, whereas short shoots completed development by mid-June. Development of foliage on long shoots was intermediate between that on leaders and short shoots. Leaf area index of the 6-year-old stand reached a maximum of 2.4, of which 2.1 was contributed by short-shoot foliage. The rest was formed by leaders and long shoots. Young leaves on leaders and long shoots were not sufficient to influence total production in the stand appreciably, even though young aspen leaves may have high photosynthetic efficiencies. These young leaves could, however, influence height growth and lateral development of the canopy.

A morphometric analysis of hybrid salamanders (genus Ambystoma) and their progenitors on Kelleys Island in Lake Erie

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 2376-2383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford W. Zeyl ◽  
Leslie A. Lowcock
Keyword(s):  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Lake Erie ◽  
Meristic Character ◽  
Discriminant Functions ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Canonical Variates

Six morphometric characters and one meristic character were measured on 96 adult and 88 juvenile Ambystoma from Kelleys Island, where extensive hybridization involves three species. Canonical variates, discriminant functions, and size-constrained principal components analyses showed that A. laterale (represented only in hybrids on Kelleys Island), A. texanum, A. tigrinum, and A. laterale–texanum–tigrinum are distinguishable from each other and from a complex of hybrids involving A. texanum and A. laterale. Within the latter complex, different ploidies are not distinct morphologically. Introgression may explain isolated atypical individuals. Adults differ from juveniles in both size and shape, demonstrating allometry.

Shoot type demography and dry matter partitioning: a morphometric approach in apple (Malus ×domestica)

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 1270-1273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Éric Lauri ◽  
Jean-Jacques Kelner
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Fruiting Branch ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Time Required

In a study of the apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) canopy structure, 5-year-old 'Fuji' and 'Braeburn' trees grafted on a low-vigour rootstock (M9) were compared at both fruiting branch and shoot levels. Percentages of short ([Formula: see text]5 cm) shoots and short shoot leaf area were significantly higher on 'Braeburn' than on 'Fuji', (76.8% vs. 72.6% and 46.9% vs. 42.9% for 'Braeburn' and 'Fuji', respectively). This high percentage of short shoots as compared with literature data was probably due to the training method, which reduced vigour. At shoot level, the ratio between dry masses of axis and leaf, called the axialization index, was determined to compare short and long shoots. Axialization values were higher for 'Braeburn' than for 'Fuji'. Although overall and individual leaf area was greater on long shoots, long shoot axialization (0.64 and 0.54 for 'Braeburn' and 'Fuji', respectively) was approximately twice that of short shoots (0.36 and 0.24, respectively). Therefore, for short shoots, the reduced carbon investment in supporting tissues may explain the significant role short shoots played in supporting early fruit development. For long shoots, the longer time required to reach the autotrophic and then exporting stage as well as the detrimental effect of early extension shoot development on fruit set might be explained by greater axialization.Key words: long shoot, short shoot, axialization index, apple, Malus ×domestica, biomass partitioning.

ELECTRIC POLARIZATION MEASUREMENTS ON YELLOW BIRCH

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1270-1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Nanassy
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Grain Orientation ◽  
Electric Polarization ◽  
Wide Frequency Range ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
General Variation ◽  
Polarization Spectra ◽  
Frequency Temperature

Electric polarization spectra of oven-dry yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) were measured over the range of frequencies from 50 kc/s to 50 Mc/s and temperatures from 20° to 100 °C. These observations, which provide only a section of the total dispersion and relaxation absorption spectra of the material, give information on the general variation of the dispersion curve with frequency, temperature, and grain orientation to the electric field, and indicate that the total spectra spread over a wide frequency range, probably from 0 c/s to a few Gc/s and include several absorption peaks and dispersion curves.

Modern Pollen Assemblages and Vegetational History of the Moraines of the Klutlan Glacier and Its Surroundings, Yukon Territory, Canada

1980 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. B. Birks
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Yukon Territory ◽  
Canonical Variate ◽  
Pollen Diagram ◽  
Modern Pollen ◽  
Canonical Variates ◽  
Shrub Tundra ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shepherdia Canadensis ◽  
Modern Pollen Assemblages

AbstractModern pollen assemblages have been studied from surficial lake muds and moss polsters collected from five vegetated ice-cored moraines of the Klutlan Glacier. The youngest vegetated moraine (K-II) is characterized by high pollen values for Salix and Hedysarum, K-III by high Salix and Shepherdia canadensis and low Hedysarum and Picea, K-IV by high Betula, Salix, and Shepherdia, and K-V and the Harris Creek moraine (HCM) by high Picea. Variations are summarized by canonical variates analysis. A percentage pollen diagram from Gull Lake on the upland east of the glacier records vegetational development since the deposition of the White River volcanic ash 1220 14C yr ago. An initial species-rich treeless vegetation was replaced by birch-alder-willow shrub-tundra, and this by open Picea glauca forest similar to present vegetation around the lake. Sites on HCM show two basic stratigraphies. Triangle Lake reflects vegetational succession from Salix-Shepherdia canadensis scrub similar to that on K-III today, through open Picea woodland of K-IV type, to closed Picea forests of K-V and HCM. Heart Lake and Cotton Pond reflect vegetational development following melting of ice underlying the spruce forests of HCM. These two types are summarized by positioning the fossil spectra on the first two canonical variate axes of the modern surface spectra.

Crown openness as influenced by tree and site characteristics for yellow birch, sugar maple, and eastern hemlock

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 488-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Lou Lefrançois ◽  
Marilou Beaudet ◽  
Christian Messier
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Regional Variability ◽  
Site Characteristics

Crown openness (CO) of mature trees influences light transmission within the forest canopy. However, in modeling, this variable is often considered constant within species, and its potential regional variability is ignored. The objective of this study was to evaluate if CO values of yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.), and eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière) vary according to the following factors: (i) species, (ii) regional actual evapotranspiration (AET), (iii) tree size (i.e., diameter at breast height, DBH), and (iv) angle of transmission from zenith. To achieve this, CO was evaluated for 136 yellow birches, 109 sugar maples, and 68 hemlocks from different regions of western Quebec, southern Ontario, and northern Michigan. Results showed that all of the studied factors affected CO. While dominant trees can intercept light laterally as well as vertically, smaller trees are more efficient at intercepting light vertically. Increasing AET is associated with more open crowns. Given its importance in light transmission in the understory, a better understanding of how CO varies between individuals, species, and regions is needed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document