Rest in the cambium of Abies balsamea

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 1723-1730 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. A. Little ◽  
J. M. Bonga
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Cambial Growth ◽  
Chilling Period ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Long Photoperiod ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

Cuttings were collected from the field between September and May, when buds and cambia are dormant, and were placed under favorable conditions in environmental cabinets. Radial width of new xylem, measured at the midpoint of the cuttings, was used to indicate cambial activity.In bud-bearing cuttings, cambial activity was associated with bud activity. Debudding decreased cambial growth. Application of a mixture of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and lanolin to the apex of debudded cuttings promoted cambial activity in a manner similar to that effected by expanding buds. Clearly, bud-produced auxin is required for cambial activity in balsam fir.Cambial activity increased with increasing preexposure to natural chilling until about December; thereafter additional preexposure did not further increase cambial growth. Extending the natural chilling period with a period of artificial chilling enhanced cambial growth in material collected during the autumn, but not in material collected later. The effect of chilling was manifested whether or not buds were present during the chilling period. Long photoperiod partly compensated for lack of chilling in autumn-collected material. It is concluded that the cambium of balsam fir in central New Brunswick has an autumnal rest period that grades into quiescence by about December. Cambial rest was not broken by applications of IAA, gibberellic acid, or kinetin, or by IAA with either of the others.

Relationship between transpiration and cambial activity in Abies balsamea

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1027-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. A. Little ◽  
D. C. Eidt
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Positive Correlation

Using an antitranspirant (abscisic acid) and a transpiration promoter (Floralife), a positive correlation was found between the rates of transpiration and cambial activity in cuttings of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Differences in transpiration rate were not due to differences in xylem production.

EVIDENCE FOR INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID IN BALSAM FIR, ABIES BALSAMEA (L.) MILL.

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Clark ◽  
J. M. Bonga
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Paper Chromatography ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Growth Inhibitor ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Strong Growth ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

An ether-extractable auxin was discovered in the inner bark of balsam fir. Characterization of the auxin by paper chromatography, Avena bioassay, and chromogenic tests indicates that it is indole-3-acetic acid. A strong growth inhibitor was extracted together with the auxin.

Influence of plant-hardiness zone, shoot length, and crown class on the incidence of gouting by the balsam woolly adelgid on balsam fir

2010 ◽  
Vol 142 (5) ◽  
pp. 466-472
Author(s):  
Bertrand Guillet ◽  
Andrew Morrison ◽  
Drew Carleton ◽  
Don Ostaff ◽  
Dan Quiring
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Parabolic Relationship ◽  
Balsam Woolly Adelgid ◽  
Shoot Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Plant Hardiness

AbstractWe collected midcrown branches of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. (Pinaceae), at six different sites located in five different plant-hardiness zones, along a north–south transect in New Brunswick, Canada, to evaluate the effect of plant-hardiness zone, crown class (overstory versus understory), and shoot length during the previous 10 years on the annual incidence of gouting by the balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg) (Homoptera: Adelgidae). Site, crown class, and their interaction, along with the square of shoot length, explained 78% of the variation in gouting. Variations in gouting attributed to plant-hardiness zone were probably primarily due to variation in mean January temperature: at each site, the mean January temperature was positively and closely related to the mean level of gouting. The level of gouting was consistently higher on trees in the understory than on those in the overstory. Shoot length was parabolically related to the proportion of shoots with gout. The parabolic relationship between shoot size and the level of gouting is similar to that previously reported for galling adelgids, and suggests that gouting by A. piceae may be greatest on trees with an intermediate growth rate.

A study of fungal endophytes of needles of balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and red spruce (Picea rubens) in New Brunswick, Canada, using culture and electron microscope techniques

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 3513-3516 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Johnson ◽  
Norman J. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Picea Rubens ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Spruce Needles ◽  
Petiole Segment

Endophytic fungi were isolated from the interiors of surface-sterilized needles of balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and red spruce (Picea rubens) in New Brunswick, Canada. Four different fungi were isolated frequently. One species, designated X-W, was isolated exlusively from the petiole segment of red spruce needles. There was no difference in the variety of species isolated from fir needles from two sites, but a difference in frequency of species did exist. Micrographs of the interior of balsam fir needles showed hyphae occupying intercellular spaces and adhering to the outer walls of parenchyma cells. No penetration of cells by either fungus was observed.

Windthrow and growth response following a spruce budworm inspired, variable retention harvest in New Brunswick, Canada

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 659-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward A. Wilson ◽  
David A. MacLean
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Natural Disturbance ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Growth Release ◽  
Variable Retention ◽  
Variable Retention Harvest

Forest management regimes increasingly focus on the emulation of natural disturbance events, e.g., fire or insect outbreaks, to help increase ecosystem sustainability. We determined the residual stand response to a variable retention harvest inspired by spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)) outbreaks in New Brunswick, Canada. Our objectives were to analyze the differences between surviving residual trees and those that succumbed to windthrow and to quantify growth release. The treatment was based on harvesting the estimated spruce budworm outbreak mortality, i.e., 90% of mature balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., 60% of mature spruce (Picea spp.), and no hardwoods. Windthrow increased with the proportion of trees harvested and averaged 52% over 7–9 years in these stands with high balsam fir – spruce content. One-third of 42 harvested plots sustained >30% windthrow, whereas 73% of 11 similar unharvested plots had <10% windthrow. Balsam fir had higher windthrow than spruce at 53% and 41%, respectively. Windthrown balsam fir trees had significantly larger diameters at breast height (DBH, 1.3 m), larger heights, and smaller crown ratios than surviving residual trees. Substantial growth release occurred, with DBH increment of residual trees 48%–64% greater than trees in unharvested plots. Balsam fir and intolerant hardwoods exhibited the largest growth response. We suggest that future spruce budworm inspired harvests in stands with high balsam fir – spruce content use two or three entries about 5 years apart to reduce windthrow.

A stand density management diagram for balsam fir in New Brunswick

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 700-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Penner ◽  
D E Swift ◽  
R. Gagnon ◽  
J. Brissette
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Quadratic Mean ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
Quadratic Mean Diameter ◽  
Stand Density Management

A stand management density diagram (SDMD) is presented for balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) forests in New Brunswick. The SDMD incorporates a maximum size density line, as well as quadratic mean diameter and top height isolines. Several mortality functions are evaluated. The resultant SDMD should be a useful tool for projecting early stand development and determining the timing and intensity of thinnings. Key words: Acadian Forest Region, mortality curves

Rate and causes of decline of mature and overmature balsam fir and spruce stands in New Brunswick, Canada

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 2479-2490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Lesley Taylor ◽  
David A MacLean
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Insect Outbreak ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Species Groups

Data from 585 balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and spruce (Picea spp.) permanent sample plots (PSPs) >50 years old in New Brunswick, Canada, measured between 1987 and 1998, were used to quantify the timing, magnitude, and causes of decline in stand growth, measured as negative net volume increment. Plots were subdivided into classes based on species group, ecoregion, and volume-development pattern (decreasing, fluctuating, stable, or increasing volume with time). Decline began at an earlier age in balsam fir – spruce (BFSP) PSPs (~70 years old) than in spruce – balsam fir (SPBF) PSPs (~120 years). One-third of plots (29%) fell into the decreasing volume-development category. Variation in the proportion of decreasing plots occurred among ecoregions (range 0%–60%) and, to a lesser extent, among species groups (26%–33%). Decreasing BFSP plots exhibited double the rate of volume loss of their SPBF counterparts (–7.4 and –3.9 m3·ha–1·year–1, respectively). Decline was caused by an increased rate of mortality, which was highest in the decreasing volume-development classes (7.5 m3·ha–1·year–1) and lowest in the increasing volume-development classes (1.4 m3·ha–1·year–1). Growth of surviving trees remained relatively stable (2.5–4.2 m3·ha–1·year–1) among volume-development classes. Blowdown was the biggest cause of tree mortality, accounting for approximately 50% of dead trees in BFSP and SPBF plots. The rate of mortality was influenced by ecoregion, species, and the combined effect of previous insect-outbreak and wind disturbances.

Notes on the Biology of Pleroneura borealis Felt (Xyelidae: Hymenoptera)

1951 ◽  
Vol 83 (7) ◽  
pp. 181-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. Webb ◽  
R. S. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Upper Peninsula ◽  
Sawfly Larvae ◽  
Upper Peninsula Of Michigan

In 1945 injury to shoots of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., by sawfly larvae was very common in York and Madawaska counties, New Brunswick. Since then, similar injury has been noticed throughout most of New Brunswick, eastern Nova Scotia, the upper peninsula of Michigan and northern Wisconsin.New Brunswick specimens were identified by Dr. O. Peck of the Systematic Unit, Division of Entomology, as presumably Pleroneura borealis Felt, the specimens running to this species in Ross' Key (2); however, as stated by Ross (3), the recognition of species in the genus is not at present based upon fundamental characters. P. borealis was originally described in 1917 by Felt (1) from three specimens collected at Lake Clear, N.Y., in 1907. Except for the taxonomic revision by Ross (2), no other reference to this species was found in the literature.

Genomic variability in the vascular cambium of Abies balsamea

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 990-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Mellerowicz ◽  
R. T. Riding ◽  
C. H. A. Little
Keyword(s):  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Genomic Variability ◽  
Cambial Age ◽  
Dna Contents ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Quiescent Stage

DNA content was measured cytophotometrically in Feulgen-stained nuclei of fusiform cambial initials from 1- (twig) and 19-year-old (stem base) cambia of balsam fir (Abies balsamea) trees throughout the season. Telophase (2C) and prophase (4C) DNA contents varied with both cambial age and time of year. Maximum DNA contents were observed at the beginning of cambial activity in April. They were lower in the 1-year-old cambium (42.3 (2C) and 84.3 (4C) pg DNA) than in the 19-year-old cambium (59.4 (2C) and 111.1 (4C) pg DNA). The DNA levels decreased during the cambial growing season, attaining minimal values in September of 28.3 (2C) and 53.5 (4C) pg and 37.9 (2C) and 74.5 (4C) pg in the 1- and 19-year-old cambia, respectively. In the autumn, cells accumulated in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. DNA synthesis then took place increasing the 2C levels from the minimum values to the maximum values. This DNA synthesis in 1-year-old cambia started before the beginning of the transition from the resting to the quiescent stage of dormancy.

Host–tree oviposition preference of balsam fir sawfly, Neodiprion abietis (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), in New Brunswick, Canada

2013 ◽  
Vol 145 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-434
Author(s):  
Rob C. Johns ◽  
J. Fidgen ◽  
Don P. Ostaff
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Oviposition Preference ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Neodiprion Abietis ◽  
Plant Foliage ◽  
Female Longevity

AbstractLaboratory experiments using field-collected females were carried out to determine the oviposition preference of the balsam fir sawfly, Neodiprion abietis (Harris) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) in New Brunswick, Canada. Unmated adult females given no choice among host–plant foliage laid ∼98% of available eggs on balsam fir (Abies balsamea (Linnaeus) Miller; Pinaceae), but only 8% and 10%, respectively, on white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss; Pinaceae) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Miller) Britton, Sterns, and Poggenburg). Given a choice among shoots from all three hosts in the same chamber, unmated females laid all but one egg in balsam fir. Host plant had no effect on female longevity, although there were nearly four- to eightfold more empty egg slits on balsam fir needles, owing presumably to the greater activity of females on this preferred host foliage.

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