Isolation, culture, and uses of plant protoplasts

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 1795-1799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluf L. Gamborg ◽  
R. A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Information ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Hybrid Plant ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Plant Protoplasts ◽  
Cell Hybridization ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Dividing Cells

Techniques are now available for isolating plant protoplasts in any quantity from leaves or from cultured cells by enzymatic removal of the cell walls. The culture conditions for regenerating dividing cells and complete plants has been established for a few species. Intact viruses enter plant protoplasts and multiply. Spontaneous fusion occurs in protoplasts of the same species. Mitosis frequently takes place synchronously in the nuclei of the multinucleated protoplasts. Induced fusion of widely different species such as wheat and soybean has been demonstrated. Hybrid plants of two tobacco species have been produced by cell fusion. Transformation has been achieved by feeding isolated DNA to plants. Isolated DNA supplied to protoplasts is absorbed. The progress in plant cell and protoplast research demonstrates the feasibility of transferring genetic information and makes hybrid plant production by somatic cell hybridization a realistic objective.

scholarly journals Comparison between Concentrated Solar Power and Gas-Based Generation in Terms of Economic and Flexibility-Related Aspects in Chile

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1063
Author(s):  
Catalina Hernández Moris ◽  
Maria Teresa Cerda Guevara ◽  
Alois Salmon ◽  
Alvaro Lorca
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Hybrid Plant ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Concentrated Solar Power ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Cost Of Energy

The energy sector in Chile demands a significant increase in renewable energy sources in the near future, and concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies are becoming increasingly competitive as compared to natural gas plants. Motivated by this, this paper presents a comparison between solar technologies such as hybrid plants and natural gas-based thermal technologies, as both technologies share several characteristics that are comparable and beneficial for the power grid. This comparison is made from an economic point of view using the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) metric and in terms of the systemic benefits related to flexibility, which is very much required due to the current decarbonization scenario of Chile’s energy matrix. The results show that the LCOE of the four hybrid plant models studied is lower than the LCOE of the gas plant. A solar hybrid plant configuration composed of a photovoltaic and solar tower plant (STP) with 13 h of storage and without generation restrictions has an LCOE 53 USD/MWh, while the natural gas technology evaluated with an 85% plant factor and a variable fuel cost of 2.0 USD/MMBtu has an LCOE of 86 USD/MWh. Thus, solar hybrid plants under a particular set of conditions are shown to be more cost-effective than their closest competitor for the Chilean grid while still providing significant dispatchability and flexibility.

scholarly journals THE INCORPORATION OF RADIOACTIVE PROLINE INTO CULTURED CELLS

1968 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 698-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Israel ◽  
M. M. Salpeter ◽  
F. C. Steward
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Special Problem ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Cell Wall Protein ◽  
Quiescent Cells ◽  
Growth Induction

Cultured carrot explants, stimulated to grow rapidly in a medium containing coconut milk, were labeled with radioactive proline. After an initial period of absorption (8 hr for proline-3H; 24 hr for proline-14C) the tissue was allowed to grow for a further period of 6 days in a similar medium free from the radioactivity. Samples were prepared for electron microscopy and radioautography at the end of the absorption period and also after the further growth. The distribution of the products from the radioactive proline in the cells is shown by high-resolution radioautography and is rendered quantitative for the different regions of the cells. The results show that the combined label, which was present in the form of proline and the hydroxyproline derived from it, was all in the protoplasm, not in the cell walls. Any combined label that appeared to be over the cell walls is shown to be due to scatter from adjacent cytoplasmic sites. Initially the radioactivity was concentrated in nuclei, even more so in nucleoli, but it subsequently appeared throughout the ground cytoplasm and was also concentrated in the plastids. The significance of these observations for the general concept of a plant cell wall protein and for the special problem of growth induction in otherwise quiescent cells is discussed.

scholarly journals 34 LIFESPAN AND CHROMOSOMAL STABILITY OF BOVINE AND PORCINE FETAL FIBROBLAST CELLS CULTURED IN VITRO

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Giraldo ◽  
J.W. Lynn ◽  
C.E. Pope ◽  
R.A. Godke ◽  
K.R. Bondioli
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Cycle Duration ◽  
Fibroblast Cells ◽  
Proliferative Capacity ◽  
Chromosomal Stability ◽  
Fetal Fibroblasts ◽  
Fetal Bovine

The low efficiency of nuclear transfer (NT) has been related to factors such as mitochondria heteroplasmy, failure of genomic activation, and asynchrony between the donor karyoplast and recipient cytoplast. Few studies have characterized donor cell lines in terms of proliferative capacity and chromosomal stability. It is known that suboptimal culture conditions can induce chromosomal abnormalities, and the use of aneuploid donor cells during NT can lead to a high incidence of abnormal cloned embryos (Giraldo et al. 2004 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 16, 124 abst). The purpose of this study was to determine the lifespan and chromosomal stability of bovine and porcine fetal cells. Four bovine and four porcine fibroblast cells lines were established from 50-day and 40-day fetuses, respectively. Cells were cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin and streptomycin at 37°C in 5% CO2. Each cell line was passaged to senescence. Total population doublings (PDs) and cell cycle duration were calculated. To determine the chromosome numbers at different PDs, cells were synchronized in metaphase, fixed, and stained. ANOVA and chi-square tests were used to analyze differences in PDs and proportion of aneuploid cells between cell lines, respectively (P < 0.05). The results show that proliferative capacity was not different between cell lines derived from the same species. Cell lines derived from bovine and porcine fetuses had different in vitro lifespans (33 PDs vs. 42 PDs, respectively; P < 0.05). The mean length of the cell cycles for both bovine and porcine fetal fibroblasts was ∼28 h. The percentage of aneupliod cells in both bovine and porcine fetal cell lines increased progressively with duration of culture (see Table) and was high throughout the study. The proliferative capacity of cultured cells was similar within individuals of the same species, but growth characteristics differed between fetal bovine and porcine cell lines. The progressive increase of aneuploid cells could be due to suboptimal culture conditions or unusual chromosome instability in the particular fetuses used. These data demonstrate the importance of determining chromosome content and the use of cells at early passages to decrease the percentage of aneuploid reconstructed embryos and increase the efficiency of NT.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF ZEOLITES ON INTENSITY OF THE VITAL PROCESSES OF HYBRID PLANTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Игорь Подковыров ◽  
Igor' Podkovyrov ◽  
Максим Костин ◽  
Maksim Kostin ◽  
Анжелика Долгова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Hybrid Plant ◽  
Plant Life ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Genetic Constructs ◽  
Technological Methods

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of zeolite on plant life processes for the development of methods to increase their productivity and stability in difficult growing conditions. A tendency to phosphorus of soil was revealed at intensive technology of tomato cultivation in greenhouses. Studies, conducted at two test sites (in the Lower Volga region and the Western Caspian area) showed that as a result of systematic and unbalanced fertilization during the cultivation of greenhouse tomato, the content of mobile phosphorus increases to 302.7 mg/kg. Under conditions of elevated chlorides and sulphates, this worsens the growth of plant, contributes to the development and spread of infectious diseases (verticillosis - 0.23%, fusarium - 0.24%, late blight - 0.19%, tobacco mosaic virus - 0.05%). Studies have shown that tomato hybrids, containing new genetic constructs of resistance to the main fungal diseases and tobacco mosaic virus, do not provide absolute protection of organisms. The spread of diseases in the planting of hybrids is only lower by 5.7-7.8%. The positive effect of zeolite was revealed when appling into the soil at tomato cultivation. The scope of zeolite’s application in plant growing is expanding every year due to the unique properties of this natural mineral. It possesses not only the adsorbing ability, but also contains a complex of trace elements, which is necessary for the mineral nutrition of plants, improves the structure of the soil. However, an impact of zeolites on plant life processes is poorly understood. This direction opens up new opportunities in the development of technological methods for improving the mineral nutrition of hybrid plant forms in crop production. The use of zeolite in the normal 15 kg/m2 of greenhouse soil, the productivity of tomato increases to 12.1-19.3%.

scholarly journals Decorative Magnolia Plants: A Comparison of the Content of Their Biologically Active Components Showing Antimicrobial Effects

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 879
Author(s):  
Petra Lovecká ◽  
Alžběta Svobodová ◽  
Anna Macůrková ◽  
Blanka Vrchotová ◽  
Kateřina Demnerová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Hybrid Plant ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Rp Hplc ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Hplc Fractionation

Magnolia plants are used both as food supplements and as cosmetic and medicinal products. The objectives of this work consisted of preparing extracts from leaves and flowers of eight Magnolia plants, and of determining concentrations of magnolol (1 to 100 mg·g−1), honokiol (0.11 to 250 mg·g−1), and obovatol (0.09 to 650 mg·g−1), typical neolignans for the genus Magnolia, in extracts made by using a methanol/water (80/20) mixture. The tested Magnolia plants, over sixty years old, were obtained from Průhonický Park (Prague area, Czech Republic): M. tripetala MTR 1531, M. obovata MOB 1511, and six hybrid plants Magnolia × pruhoniciana, results of a crossbreeding of M. tripetala MTR 1531 with M. obovata MOB 1511. The identification of neolignans was performed by HRMS after a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) fractionation of an extract from M. tripetala MTR 1531. The highest concentrations of neolignans were found in the flowers, most often in their reproductive parts, and obovatol was the most abundant in every tested plant. The highest concentrations of neolignans were detected in parent plants, and lower concentrations in hybrid magnolias. Flower extracts from the parent plants M. tripetala MTR 1531 and M. obovata MOB 1511, flower extracts from the hybrid plants Magnolia × pruhoniciana MPR 0271, MPR 0151, and MPR 1531, and leaf extract from the hybrid plant Magnolia × pruhoniciana MPR 0271 inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus.

Phosphatase of regenerating liver maintains cellular magnesium homeostasis

2018 ◽  
Vol 475 (6) ◽  
pp. 1129-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Yoshida ◽  
Yosuke Funato ◽  
Hiroaki Miki
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Functional Relationship ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Signal Transducer ◽  
Regenerating Liver ◽  
Mrna Transcription ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Magnesium Homeostasis ◽  
Phosphatase Of Regenerating Liver

Phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) is highly expressed in malignant cancers and promotes cancer progression. Recent studies have suggested its functional relationship with Mg2+, but the importance and molecular details of this relationship remain unknown. Here, we report that PRL expression is regulated by Mg2+ and PRL protects cells from apoptosis under Mg2+-depleted conditions. When cultured cells were subjected to Mg2+ depletion, endogenous PRL protein levels increased significantly. siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous PRL did not significantly affect cell proliferation under normal culture conditions, but it increased cell death after Mg2+ depletion. Imaging analyses with a fluorescent probe for Mg2+ showed that PRL knockdown severely reduced intracellular Mg2+ levels, indicating a role for PRL in maintaining intracellular Mg2+. We also examined the mechanism of augmented expression of PRL proteins and found that PRL mRNA transcription was stimulated by Mg2+ depletion. A series of analyses revealed the activation and the crucial importance of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 in this process. Collectively, these results implicate PRL in maintaining cellular Mg2+ homeostasis.

The production of tissue-specific histone complements during development

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 636-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald W. Lennox ◽  
Leonard H. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Intact Animal ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Major Mechanism ◽  
Mammalian Tissues ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
Tissue Differences

At least two mechanisms generate tissue differences in the histone subtype composition during development: subtype dilution and subtype replacement. Subtype dilution, which occurs when cells continue dividing after having ceased to synthesize one or more histone subtypes, allows the elimination of stable subtypes. It is the major mechanism generating cell differences in histone composition in sea urchin embryogenesis. Subtype replacement has been observed in mammalian tissues, both in the intact animal and in cultured cells. It is most evident in nondividing cells but occurs to some extent in dividing cells as well. Examples of the two mechanisms are presented and their possible biological significance, as well as that of the differences they produce, is discussed.

scholarly journals Culture and Characterization of Microglia from the Adult Murine Retina

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayathri Devarajan ◽  
Mei Chen ◽  
Elizabeth Muckersie ◽  
Heping Xu
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Mhc Ii ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Retinal Microglia ◽  
And Function

Purpose. To develop a protocol for isolating and culturing murine adult retinal microglia and to characterize the phenotype and function of the cultured cells.Method. Retinal single-cell suspensions were prepared from adult MF1 mice. Culture conditions including culture medium, growth factors, seeding cell density, and purification of microglia from the mixed cultures were optimised. Cultured retinal microglial cells were phenotyped using the surface markers CD45, CD11b, and F4/80. Their ability to secrete proinflammatory cytokines in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation was examined using cytometric bead array (CBA) assay.Results. Higher yield was obtained when retinal single-cell suspension was cultured at the density of0.75×106cells per cm2in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM)/F12 + Glutamax supplement with 20% fetal calf serum (FCS) and 20% L929 supernatant. We identified day 10 to be the optimum day of microglial isolation. Over 98% of the cells isolated were positive for CD45, CD11b, and F4/80. After stimulating with LPS they were able to secrete proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-αand express CD86, CD40, and MHC-II.Conclusion. We have developed a simple method for isolating and culturing retinal microglia from adult mice.

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