Compositional studies on the cell walls of the synnema and vegetative hyphae of Ceratocystis ulmi

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1147-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Harris ◽  
Willard A. Taber
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Amino Sugar ◽  
Fibrillar Structure ◽  
Dense Granules ◽  
Hyphal Wall ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The composition of the cell walls of synnemal and vegetative hyphae of Ceratocystis ulmi was studied by fractionation and assay of released compounds. Residues after enzymatic hydrolyses were examined by electron microscopy. The synnemal wall was found to have 67% carbohydrate, 4.52% amino sugar, 5.02% protein, 1.6% lipid, and 0.59% ash, which accounted for 78.7% of the cell wall. The vegetative hyphal wall contained 56% carbohydrate, 3.44% amino sugar, 7.92% protein, 4.5% lipid, and 1.45% ash, which totaled 73.3% of the wall weight. Sugars identified were D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, and L-rhamnose. Enzymatic hydrolysis of both wall types by cellulase and laminaranase indicated the presence of beta-1,3 and beta-1,4 linkages of glucose polymers. N-acetylglucosamine was liberated by chitinase. Most of the 16 amino acids detected in each wall type were at least twice as abundant in vegetative hyphal walls as in synnemal hyphal walls. Cellulase and laminaranase treatment of cell walls revealed a fibrillar structure. Chitinase-treated walls did not appear as fibrous, suggesting that the fibrous structure may be mostly chitinous. Synnemal cell walls are covered by electron-dense granules which may correspond to the pigment in the synnemal hyphae.

scholarly journals Bordered Pit Formation in Cell Walls of Spruce Tracheids

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1968
Author(s):  
Dmitry G. Chukhchin ◽  
Ksenia Vashukova ◽  
Evgeniy Novozhilov
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Mechanical Deformation ◽  
Enzymatic Treatment ◽  
Bordered Pit ◽  
Pit Formation ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The process of pit formation in plants still has various questions unaddressed and unknown, which opens up many interesting and new research opportunities. The aim of this work was elucidation of the mechanism for the formation of bordered pits of the spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) tracheid with exosomes participation and mechanical deformation of the cell wall. Sample sections were prepared from spruce stem samples after cryomechanical destruction with liquid nitrogen. The study methods included scanning electron microscopy and enzymatic treatment. Enzymatic treatment of the elements of the bordered pit made it possible to clarify the localization of cellulose and pectin. SEM images of intermediate stages of bordered pit formation in the radial and tangential directions were obtained. An asynchronous mechanism of formation of bordered-pit pairs in tracheids is proposed. The formation of the pit pair begins from the side of the initiator cell and is associated with enzymatic hydrolysis of the secondary cell wall and subsequent mechanical deformation of the primary cell walls. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the S1 layer of the secondary cell wall is carried out by exosome-delivered endoglucanases.

Structure and composition of the alkali-insoluble cell wall fraction of Coprinus macrorhizus var. microsporus

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carey B. Bottom ◽  
Donald J. Siehr
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Fraction ◽  
Enzymic Hydrolysis ◽  
Methylation Analysis ◽  
Partial Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
The Core ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The alkali-insoluble (R-) fraction from the cell walls of Coprinus macrorhizus var. microsporus is a highly branched glucan, containing α-(1 → 4), β-(1 → 3), and β-(1 → 6) linkages as shown by methylation, partial acid hydrolysis, and enzymic hydrolysis. The α-(1 → 4)-linked segments are joined by occasional β-(1 → 3) links as suggested by the identification of 2-O-α-glucopyranosyl erythritol in the hydrolysate of the reduced, periodate-oxidized glucan. Hydrolysis of the permethylated glucan gave nearly equimolar amounts of 2,4-di- and 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-glucose. Methylation analysis of the residue from enzymic hydrolysis, the "CORE-fraction," indicated the presence of glucose residues in this fraction linked through positions O1, O3, O4, and O6. Hydrolysates of the R-fraction contained mannose, glucosamine, and amino acids in addition to glucose.

Silicification of wood-cell walls

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
S. E. Keckler ◽  
D. M. Dabbs ◽  
N. Yao ◽  
I. A. Aksay
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Resin Composite ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Cellulose Fibers ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Rich Region ◽  
Inorganic Precursors

Cellular organic structures such as wood can be used as scaffolds for the synthesis of complex structures of organic/ceramic nanocomposites. The wood cell is a fiber-reinforced resin composite of cellulose fibers in a lignin matrix. A single cell wall, containing several layers of different fiber orientations and lignin content, is separated from its neighboring wall by the middle lamella, a lignin-rich region. In order to achieve total mineralization, deposition on and in the cell wall must be achieved. Geological fossilization of wood occurs as permineralization (filling the void spaces with mineral) and petrifaction (mineralizing the cell wall as the organic component decays) through infiltration of wood with inorganics after growth. Conversely, living plants can incorporate inorganics into their cells and in some cases into the cell walls during growth. In a recent study, we mimicked geological fossilization by infiltrating inorganic precursors into wood cells in order to enhance the properties of wood. In the current work, we use electron microscopy to examine the structure of silica formed in the cell walls after infiltration of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS).

Microtubular configurations during endosperm development in Phaseolus vulgaris

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 1489-1495 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. XuHan ◽  
A. A. M. Van Lammeren
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Initial Cell ◽  
Related Cell ◽  
Cellular Endosperm ◽  
Cell Shaping

Microtubular cytoskeletons in nuclear, alveolar, and cellular endosperm of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) were analyzed immunocytochemically and by electron microscopy to reveal their function during cellularization. Nuclear endosperm showed a fine network of microtubules between the wide-spaced nuclei observed towards the chalazal pole. Near the embryo, where nuclei were densely packed, bundles of microtubules radiated from nuclei. They were formed just before alveolus formation and functioned in spacing nuclei and in forming internuclear, phragmoplast-like structures that gave rise to nonmitosis-related cell plates. During alveolus formation cell plates extended and fused with other newly formed walls, thus forming the walls of alveoli. Growing wall edges of cell plates exhibited arrays of microtubules perpendicular to the plane of the wall, initially. When two growing walls were about to fuse, microtubules of both walls interacted, and because of the interaction of microtubules, the cell walls changed their position. When a growing wall was about to fuse with an already existing wall, such interactions between microtubules were not observed. It is therefore concluded that interactions of microtubules of fusing walls influence shape and position of walls. Thus microtubules control the dynamics of cell wall positioning and initial cell shaping. Key words: cell wall, cellularization, endosperm, microtubule, Phaseolus vulgaris.

scholarly journals Isolation of Free Amino Acids via Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Tobacco-Derived F1 Protein

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 179-190
Author(s):  
Mehdi Ashraf-Khorassani ◽  
William M. Coleman ◽  
Michael F. Dube ◽  
Larry T. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Enzyme Concentration ◽  
Enzymatic Conversion ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

SummaryFree amino acids have been isolated via optimized enzymatic hydrolysis of F1 tobacco protein using two cationic resins (Amberlite IR120 and Dowex MAC-2). Optimized enzymatic conversions of the protein as a result of systematic variations in conditions (e.g., time, temperature, pH, enzyme type, enzyme concentration, anaerobic/aerobic environments, and protein concentration) employing commercially available enzymes, were consistently higher than 50% with qualitative amino acid arrays that were consistent with the known composition of tobacco F1 protein. Amberlite IR120 was shown to have a much higher efficiency and capacity for isolation of amino acids from standard solutions and from hydrolysate when compared with the results using Dowex MAC-2. Two columns packed with conditioned Amberlite IR120 (120 × 10 mm,12–15 g resin) and (200 × 25.4 mm, 60–65 g resin) were used to isolate two batches (2.5–3.0 mg and 13–15 mg) of free amino acids, respectively. A relatively inexpensive analytical methodology was developed for rapid analysis of the free amino acids contained within the enzyme hydrolysate. Commercially available enzymes, when employed in optimized reaction conditions, are very effective for enzymatic conversion of tobacco F1 protein to free amino acids.

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Forage Cell Walls

2015 ◽  
pp. 455-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan A. White ◽  
Roderick I. Mackie ◽  
Kinchel C. Doerner
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Hydrolysis Of
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document