Short day and cold as causative factors in the anthesis-like development of strobili of western red cedar (Thuja plicata)

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 2683-2685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Pharis ◽  
William Morf
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Low Temperature Treatment ◽  
Causative Factors ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Cold Requirement ◽  
Thuja Plicata Donn

Short-day (SD) and low temperature (5 °C) treatments were tested separately to ascertain their contribution to the anthesis-like development of gibberellin-induced staminate and ovulate strobili of western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn.). Low temperature, when given only for 8 weeks under long day (LD) where the daily sequence of photoperiod was kept continuously at 16 h resulted in expansion of 90% and 77% of the staminate and ovulate strobili respectively compared to 96% and 79% respectively where cold was given only during 8 weeks of SD in the sequence LD → SD → LD. Conversely, 8 weeks of SD given at warm temperature (19 °C) in the sequence of LD → SD → LD resulted in expansion of 9% and 1% of the staminate and ovulate strobili respectively. Thus, strobili of western red cedar can be said to have a cold requirement for normal anthesis-like expansion. In only a very small percentage of the strobili can SD (at least 8 weeks of SD) substitute for low temperature, and the low temperature treatment is effective regardless of photoperiod.

Development of the gibberellin-induced ovulate strobilus of western red cedar: quantitative requirement for long-day → short-day → long-day

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Pharis ◽  
W. Morf ◽  
J. N. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Initial Period ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Full Development ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Cupressus Arizonica ◽  
Thuja Plicata Donn ◽  
Short Days

The induction of flowering in western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn.) by gibberellin (GA3) has a quantitative requirement for long-day (LD). However, the strobilus does not develop fully under LD. Full development does occur though, if the photoperiod sequence of short-day (SD) → LD is given after an initial period of 3+ months under LD for induction. For the male, continued development entails a slight expansion and the shedding of pollen. For the female, it involves expansion from a tight 2-mm bud to a 15-mm cone, even without pollination. Cold increased the number of developing strobili, although it did not affect the date of first expansion. GA3 concentration had little effect on continued strobilus development under SD or LD. The present study indicates that continued development of the strobilus has a photoperiodic requirement that can be likened to the requirement of SD → LD of some flowers for anthesis. The requirement for SD is quantitative rather than qualitative, an increasing number of short-days will increase the number of expanding strobili, and eventually (18 to 30 months) some strobili will develop even under continuous LD. Continued development of the strobilus will not take place under SD alone, LD must follow. Therefore, the LD requirement in the sequence SD → LD appears to be qualitative in nature. This does not appear to be true for another conifer, Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica Greene). These strobili will develop under SD, but their development is enhanced by the sequence SD → LD.

Selfing and correlated paternity in relation to pollen management in western red cedar seed orchards

Botany ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 353-359
Author(s):  
Kermit Ritland ◽  
Allyson Miscampbell ◽  
Annette Van Niejenhuis ◽  
Patti Brown ◽  
John Russell
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Paternity Analysis ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Management Schemes ◽  
Unbiased Estimates ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
New Feature ◽  
Thuja Plicata Donn

We used microsatellite genetic markers to evaluate the mating system of western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) under various seed orchard pollen management schemes. We primarily examined whether supplemental mass pollination (SMP) can reduce the observed selfing rates. Pollen blowing and “hooding” were also examined in smaller tests. Only SMP was consistently effective in reducing the selfing rate, from 30% to 20%. The correlation of paternity was quite high (60%–90%) in two of three orchards, and in these two orchards the application of SMP reduced this correlation by about 10% as well. The correlation of paternity is the fraction of full-sibling vs. half-sibling progeny, and unbiased estimates can be obtained with few loci, even single loci, in contrast to other types of paternity analysis. We also find the microsatellite amplicon sizes should be pooled into “bins” of 2–4 nucleotides, owing to unintended errors of assay; otherwise the estimates are biased. This new feature of mating system estimation was incorporated into the computer program MLTR.

OCCURRENCE OF β-DOLABRIN (4-ISOPROPENYLTROPOLONE) IN WESTERN RED CEDAR (THUJA PLICATA DONN.)

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 1612-1615 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. F. Gardner ◽  
G. M. Barton
Keyword(s):  
Fractional Crystallization ◽  
Paper Chromatography ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Salt Precipitation ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Approximate Composition ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Thuja Plicata Donn

The steam-volatile oil of western red cedar contains traces of a fifth tropolone, β-dolabrin (4-isopropenyltropolone), in addition to α-, β-, and γ-thujaplicin and 7-hydroxy-4-isopropyltropolone. The presence of β-dolabrin, previously obtained from Japanese "Hiba" wood by Nozoe, was detected by paper chromatography and proved by isolation of a sample from the steam-volatile oil by a combination of sodium salt precipitation, fractional crystallization, and preparative paper chromatography. The approximate composition of the steam-volatile oil from butt heartwood is given.

Lignans of western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn). VII. Dihydroxythujaplicatin

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 739-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold MacLean ◽  
B. F. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Hot Water ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Degradation Studies ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Thuja Plicata Donn

The structure of a seventh lignan from the hot-water extractive of western red cedar, which was partially separated in a previous paper, has been determined as 2,3-dihydroxy-2-(3″,4″-dihydroxy-5″-methoxybenzyl)-3-(4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxybenzyl)-butyrolactone (I). This lignan is the fifth member of the thujaplicatin series and is trivially named dihydroxythujaplicatin. Methylation, ethylation, and degradation studies provide proof of structure by comparison with known compounds.

EXPERIMENTS ON THE PRECOCIOUS FLOWERING OF WESTERN RED CEDAR AND FOUR SPECIES OF CUPRESSUS WITH GIBBERELLINS A3 AND A4/A7 MIXTURE

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1519-1524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Pharis ◽  
William Morf
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Cupressus Lusitanica ◽  
Precocious Flowering ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Cupressus Arizonica ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Thuja Plicata Donn

Induction of staminate and ovulate strobili was obtained on western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn) by foliar application of gibberellin A3. Staminate strobili could be induced as early as age 4 months after 3.5 months of treatment under long-day conditions, but further development of the strobilus required a photoperiodic sequence of long-day — short-day — long-day. Induction of the ovulate strobilus may also have occurred under long-day conditions at an early age, but development did not become apparent until the above photoperiodic sequence had been given. Age at this time was 12 months. It is concluded that induction and development of the strobilus is under photoperiodic as well as hormonal control.Foliar application of gibberellin A3 and a gibberellin A4/A7 mixture to pygmy cypress (Cupressus pygmaea Sarg.), Portuguese cypress (Cupressus lusitanica Mill.), and Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica Greene) at age 7–9 months resulted in induction of staminate strobili on all plants. Length of time to flowering varied both with species of plant and gibberellin. Application of gibberellin A3 to Arizona and Portuguese cypress seedlings resulted in production of ovulate as well as staminate strobili at ages 21 and 10 months respectively. Mourning cypress (Cupressus funebris Endl.) still in a juvenile needle stage at age 9 months has proved unresponsive to foliar application of gibberellin A3 for at least 100 days.

scholarly journals Global Analysis of Genes Regulated by Low Temperature and Photoperiod in Peach Bark

2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole L. Bassett ◽  
Michael E. Wisniewski ◽  
Timothy S. Artlip ◽  
John L. Norelli ◽  
Jenny Renaut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Subtractive Hybridization ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Low Temperature Treatment ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Stress Related Genes

In response to environmental cues plants undergo changes in gene expression that result in the up- or down-regulation of specific genes. To identify genes in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] trees whose transcript levels are specifically affected by low temperature (LT) or short day photoperiod (SD), we have created suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) libraries from bark tissues sampled from trees kept at 5 °C and 25 °C under short day (SD) photoperiod or exposed to a night break (NB) interruption during the dark period of the SD cycle to simulate a long day (LD) photoperiod. Sequences expressed in forward and reverse subtractions using various subtracted combinations of temperature and photoperiod treatments were cloned, sequenced, and identified by BLAST and ClustalW analysis. Low temperature treatment resulted in the up-regulation of a number of cold-responsive and stress-related genes and suppression of genes involved in “housekeeping” functions (e.g., cell division and photosynthesis). Some stress-related genes not observed to be up-regulated under LT were increased in response to SD photoperiod treatments. Comparison of the patterns of expression as a consequence of different temperature and photoperiod treatments allowed us to determine the qualitative contribution of each treatment to the regulation of specific genes.

Thujin, a novel lactone isolated from the discolored heartwood of Thuja plicata Donn.

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lehong Jin ◽  
Jack W. Wilson ◽  
Eric P. Swan
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Spectroscopic Methods ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Thuja Plicata Donn

The chemical structure of a novel lactone isolated from the discolored heartwood of living western red cedar (WRC) (Thuja plicata Donn.) trees has been determined as 3,3,4,7,7,8-hexamethyl-2,6-dioxa-1,5-anthracene-dione, and given the trivial name thujin (1). The isolation, purification, and determination of the structure were carried out by a combination of chemical, chromatographic, and spectroscopic methods.

LIGNANS OF WESTERN RED CEDAR (THUJA PLICATA DONN): V. HYDROXYTHUJAPLICATIN METHYL ETHER

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (15) ◽  
pp. 1827-1830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold MacLean ◽  
Koji Murakami
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ether ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Spectral Studies ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
The Third ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Thuja Plicata Donn

The structure of another guaiacyl–syringyl type lignan, which was previously separated from the hot-water extractive of western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn), has now been determined as 2-hydroxy-2-(4″-hydroxy-3″,5″-dimethoxybenzyl)-3-(4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxybenzyl)-butyrolactone (III). This lignan is the third member of the thujaplicatin series and has been given the name of hydroxythujaplicatin methyl ether. Analytical data and degradational and spectral studies of the parent compound and its methylated derivatives are presented as proof of structure.

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