Production of pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes by virulent and avirulent isolates of Sclerotium bataticola during disease development in sunflowers

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 2449-2453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Ho Chan ◽  
W. E. Sackston
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Further Development

Exo- and endo-polygalacturonase, polygalacturonate trans-eliminase, and cellulase were produced in cultures by two virulent, one moderately virulent, and one avirulent isolates of Sclerotium bataticola. The polygalacturonases are important in penetration and early stages of pathogenesis in sunflowers; virulence of isolates is correlated with their ability to produce these enzymes in the host. Polygalacturonate trans-eliminase and cellulase activity in plant extracts increased with time after inoculation. Polygalacturonate trans-eliminase and cellulase are not important in penetration of Sclerotium bataticola into sunflowers, but are involved in further development of the pathogen. Ability to produce these two enzymes in plants is closely correlated with virulence of the respective isolates.

scholarly journals Sequence of studying engineering and geological conditions of mineral deposits from exploration to development

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 83-91
Author(s):  
Irina V. Abaturova ◽  
◽  
Ivan A. Savintsev ◽  
Liubov A. Storozhenko ◽  
Elvina D. Nugmanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Geological Environment ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Geological Information ◽  
Further Development

geological environment. Actively change all the components of engineering-geological conditions (EGC), formed during the long geological time: the topography, structure of rocks, hydrogeological and permafrost conditions, are formed by geological processes and, at the same time on the surface of the Earth formed a new strata of man-made structures, and often man-made deposits. The scale of technogenesis in mining today is comparable to the results of geological activity that took place over many millions of years. Therefore, even at the early stages of studying the EGC MD, it is necessary to understand the dynamics of changes in the EGC in order to provide preliminary protective measures. Purpose of work. Consideration of striking examples of the dynamics of the EGC MD (from exploration to development), in order to provide methods for managing these changes. Methodology. The article considers the stages of obtaining engineering and geological information for the period of MD operation, which will solve the problems of rational use of the subsoil and protection of the geological environment. Results. For example, the number of objects marked all the stages of learning to yoke the dynamics of their changes, which led to the formation of engineering-geological processes that adversely affect the further testing of MD. Summary. The reaction of the geological environment in the development of MD is not long in coming and is expressed in the development of large-scale engineering and geological processes, which often do not allow further development of MD and threaten people's lives. Therefore, even at the early stages of studying the EGC MD, it is necessary to understand the dynamics of changes in the EGC in order to provide preliminary protective measures.

scholarly journals Study on Regulation of Growth and Biosynthesis of Cellulolytic Enzymes from Newly Isolated Aspergillus fumigatus ABK9

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARPAN DAS ◽  
TANMAY PAUL ◽  
SUMAN KUMAR HALDER ◽  
CHIRANJIT MAITY ◽  
PRADEEP KUMAR DAS MOHAPATRA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Specific Rate ◽  
Catabolic Repression

This study was aimed to evaluate the pattern of cellulase biosynthesis from Aspergillusfumigatus ABK9 under submerged fermentation. Production was increased concomitantly with fungal growth up to 72 h and reached maximum (Xmax -6.72 g/l) with specific growth rate (mu max) of 0.126/h. Highest specific rate of enzyme production (q ) was found at initial medium pH of 5.0 and incubation temperature of 30 degrees C. At the same time, in the presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose concentration of 0.5 mg/ml, the production of cellulolytic enzymes, viz, carboxymethyl cellulase activity (CMCase), filter paper degrading activity (FPase) and P-glucosidase activity reached maximum of 132.2, 21.3 and 28.9 U/ml, respectively. Cellulase biosynthesis was induced in respect to higher volumetric production rate (Qp), specific rate of enzymes production (qp, U/g biomass/h) and enzyme/biomass yield (YE/X) when grown in carboxymethyl cellulose in comparison to other saccharides as sole carbon source. Induction ratios (IR) of cellulases were between 12.3 and 24.4 in the presence of 1.5% (w/v) CMC in the culture media. The strain was quite resistant to catabolic repression by glucose up to 0.4% (w/v). Cellulases production was greatly influenced in the presence of yeast extract and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2POA) as nitrogen and phosphate sources in the culture media. C/N ratio of 10.0 and C/P ratio of 4.0 proved to be the best for the production of enzyme cocktail. Along with the high production yield, the crude enzymes showed a promising cellulose hydrolyzing efficiency of rice straw, indicating the enzyme could be beneficial for its large scale industrial exploitation.

Ultrastructural Localization of Cellulase in Diplodia Maydis and in D. Maydis-Infected Com Stalk Tissue

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
Judith A. Murphy ◽  
Mary R. Thompson ◽  
A.J. Pappelis
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Cupric Oxide ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Ultrastructural Localization ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽  
Cellulolytic Activity ◽  
X Ray

BeMiller et.al.(l) found that D. maydis did not have the solubilizing enzyme C1. They reported that D- maydis exhibited cellulolytic activity constitutively, and hypothesized that the cellulolytic enzymes were attached to fungal hyphal surfaces because they found cellulase released to the culture medium only after the growth period, when available cellulose had been used up.The purpose of this study was to determine the location of cellulolytic enzymes (EC 3.2.1.4; beta-1,4-glucan glucanohydrolase) in D. maydis and D. maydis-infected corn tissue at the ultrastructural level.Cellulase activity produces glucose as an end product which will reduce cupric oxide and can be visualized with an EM because it is electron dense and the Cu component can be verified with x-ray analysis(Figs.l,2). After thorough washing, samples fixed in aldehydes are incubated in a substrate mixture at a low pH. The enzyme is activated and reducing sugar is released. The sample is then reacted with Benedict's solution at a high temperature, allowing CuO crystals to be deposited at the site of reaction.

Computational Theories of Vision

1984 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Shape Analysis ◽  
Important Influence ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Formal Approach ◽  
Computational Theory ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
To Come ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
The Way

This exciting and original book describes the work of David Marr and his colleagues at MIT on the computational theory of vision, particularly the early stages of shape analysis. Although much of the theorising is frankly speculative and not certain to survive without major modification, it sets new standards of rigour in its formal approach and is certain to have a stimulating effect upon the field. Sadly, Marr's death from leukaemia at the age of 35 means that he will not himself be able to take part in the further development of his ideas, but the book itself will exert an important influence for some time to come. The first point to make, for those who may already have attempted Marr's lengthy and difficult research papers, is that the book is clearly and entertainingly written: It can be tackled by the non-specialist who wishes to see why Marr's work has caused such interest in the vision community. Despite the very difficult circumstances in which the book must have been written, it is carefully put together and gives a fascinating insight into the way in which the author's ideas developed.

scholarly journals Development of a powerful synthetic hybrid promoter to improve the cellulase system of Trichoderma reesei for efficient saccharification of corncob residues

2022 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifan Wang ◽  
Ruiyan Liu ◽  
Hong Liu ◽  
Xihai Li ◽  
Linjing Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Trichoderma Reesei ◽  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Initiation Codon ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzyme ◽  
Activity Increase ◽  
Hybrid Promoter ◽  
Translation Initiation Codon

Abstract Background The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is a widely used workhorse for cellulase production in industry due to its prominent secretion capacity of extracellular cellulolytic enzymes. However, some key components are not always sufficient in this cellulase cocktail, making the conversion of cellulose-based biomass costly on the industrial scale. Development of strong and efficient promoters would enable cellulase cocktail to be optimized for bioconversion of biomass. Results In this study, a synthetic hybrid promoter was constructed and applied to optimize the cellulolytic system of T. reesei for efficient saccharification towards corncob residues. Firstly, a series of 5’ truncated promoters in different lengths were established based on the strong constitutive promoter Pcdna1. The strongest promoter amongst them was Pcdna1-3 (− 640 to − 1 bp upstream of the translation initiation codon ATG), exhibiting a 1.4-fold higher activity than that of the native cdna1 promoter. Meanwhile, the activation region (− 821 to − 622 bp upstream of the translation initiation codon ATG and devoid of the Cre1-binding sites) of the strong inducible promoter Pcbh1 was cloned and identified to be an amplifier in initiating gene expression. Finally, this activation region was fused to the strongest promoter Pcdna1-3, generating the novel synthetic hybrid promoter Pcc. This engineered promoter Pcc drove strong gene expression by displaying 1.6- and 1.8-fold stronger fluorescence intensity than Pcbh1 and Pcdna1 under the inducible condition using egfp as the reporter gene, respectively. Furthermore, Pcc was applied to overexpress the Aspergillus niger β-glucosidase BGLA coding gene bglA and the native endoglucanase EG2 coding gene eg2, achieving 43.5-fold BGL activity and 1.2-fold EG activity increase, respectively. Ultimately, to overcome the defects of the native cellulase system in T. reesei, the bglA and eg2 were co-overexpressed under the control of Pcc promoter. The bglA-eg2 double expression strain QPEB70 exhibited a 178% increase in total cellulase activity, whose cellulase system displayed 2.3- and 2.4-fold higher saccharification efficiency towards acid-pretreated and delignified corncob residues than the parental strain, respectively. Conclusions The synthetic hybrid promoter Pcc was generated and employed to improve the cellulase system of T. reesei by expressing specific components. Therefore, construction of synthetic hybrid promoters would allow particular cellulase genes to be expressed at desired levels, which is a viable strategy to optimize the cellulolytic enzyme system for efficient biomass bioconversion.

The judicial system at the stage of the formation of the Soviet state as the most important element of the state legal system: the activities of the revolutionary tribunals

2022 ◽  
pp. 115-121
Author(s):  
I. D. Changli
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Further Development

This article examines the main historical, ideological, social and other factors that determined the emergence of the judicial system of the Soviet state (RSFSR) during its formation in 1917-1922, as well as the main patterns of its further development, features of legal regulation of the activities of courts and extraordinary judicial bodies, as well as the views of Soviet jurists on the essence and importance of courts in building socialism in the early stages of its development.

Location of cellulolytic enzyme activity in the marine fungus Trichocladium achrasporum

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm J. MacDonald ◽  
Donna L. Hartley ◽  
Marilyn K. Speedie
Keyword(s):  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Marine Fungus ◽  
Particulate Fraction ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzyme ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Endoglucanase Activity ◽  
Produce Cell ◽  
Soluble Cell

Cellulase activity in Trichocladium achrasporum was demonstrated by its ability to produce cell-associated and extracellular cellulolytic enzymes when grown on a crystalline cellulose substrate. In addition, azure dye was solubilized from dyed crystalline cellulose, appearing in the growth medium during the phase of cell lysis. Exoglucanase activity was highest in the culture filtrate, with slight activity in the cell fractions, while endoglucanase was associated only with the mycelium. No desorbable exoglucanase nor endoglucanase activity could be released by sonication of residual cellulose particles removed from actively growing cultures. β-Glucosidase activity was located only in the cell-associated fractions during active growth. All enzymes had optimal activity at 50 °C; in the particulate fraction β-glucosidase exhibited a second optimum at 30 °C. In the filtrate, soluble intracellular and particulate fractions optimal exoglucanase activity occurred at pH 6.4, 7.0, and 5.8, respectively. Endoglucanase activity was optimal at pH 5.8 in the soluble cell fraction, and at pH 5.4 in the particulate fraction.

A Reply to Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen’s Response

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-275
Author(s):  
Tony Richie
Keyword(s):  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
World Religions ◽  
Theology Of Religions ◽  
Christian Mission ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Pentecostal Theology ◽  
Interreligious Relations ◽  
Further Development

AbstractThis reply to Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen further affirms the importance of work in the theology of religions for Pentecostals and Charismatics today that first prompted the author’s original inquiry into the views of a major early Pentecostal leader, Bishop J.H. King, concerning interfaith encounter and understanding. This dialogue with Kärkkäinen supports suggestions that an overall program of rediscovering, reclaiming, restoring, and revisioning our Pentecostal theology of religions heritage seems advisable. King’s obviously optimistic theology of religions, however, must be carefully distinguished from pluralism and set in the context of its Wesleyan roots and Evangelical emphases. Further development of what King provides in embryonic form is demanded. King represents an optimistic but still Christocentric strain shared by other Pentecostals within early stages of the movement. Not at all amounting to an uncritical approbation of world religions, this revolutionary discovery does decidedly enlarge understandings of Christ’s lordship beyond the pale of any particular religion. Careful terminology in order to avoid misunderstanding is called for and conceded. Pentecostal hypersensitivity regarding theology of religions highlights the need for constant clarification of contrariness to liberal religious pluralism. King’s legacy invalidates any assumption that earlier (older) Pentecostal resources on religions are exclusively pessimistic. Implications are immense for Christian mission and interreligious relations.

scholarly journals Sources of metaphilosophy

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganna P. Bezhnar ◽  
Victoria Yu. Omelchenko ◽  
Vasyl V. Semykras ◽  
Vitalii E. Turenko ◽  
Olena A. Zarutska
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Philosophy ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Philosophical Discourse ◽  
Greek Culture ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Further Development

The concept of “metaphilosophy” appeared in the 40s XX century, though it is based on the positions of antique philosophy. Understanding of this phenomenon of culture can be found in philosophy from the early stages of its existence. The authors considered the philosophical discourse from the position of historical-philosophical and metaphilosophical methods combined. The research was aimed at studying the transformation of understanding and functioning of philosophy of the ancient philosophical tradition and its peculiarities at all stages of development. It was found that in the pre-classical period of ancient Greek culture, philosophy functioned primarily as intelligence about nature and later became a striving for wisdom and knowledge. A philosopher was perceived as a practitioner of what he taught, wrote and researched. The further development of metaphilosophy was influenced by a two-vector understanding of ancient philosophy – theoretical and practical.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document