Development and quantitative measurement of microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 2097-2102 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hall ◽  
H. Ly
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Quantitative Measurement ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Low Glucose ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Hyaline Material

The development of microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae from a few swollen hyaline cells on a hypha to a multicellular, pigmented "mature" structure is described and illustrated. A method for quantitatively estimating the amount of pigmented microsclerotial material in pure cultures was developed to study quantitative relations between mycelial growth and production of microsclerotial material in media containing different concentrations of glucose. At low glucose concentrations (0.6 to 10 mg/ml) microsclerotial material continued to increase after total dry weight of the cultures had reached a maximum, suggesting conversion of hyaline to pigmented material. At high glucose concentrations (20 to 60 mg/ml) the patterns of increase in total dry weight, microsclerotial material, and hyaline material were similar over a 4-week incubation period. Maximum production of both pigmented and hyaline materials occurred at a glucose concentration of 30 mg/ml (carbon/nitrogen ratio of 50/1).

scholarly journals First Report of a Decline and Wilt of Young Olive Trees Caused by Simultaneous Infections of Verticillium dahliae and Phytophthora palmivora in Sicily

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (11) ◽  
pp. 1372-1372 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Lo Giudice ◽  
F. Raudino ◽  
R. Magnano di San Lio ◽  
S. O. Cacciola ◽  
R. Faedda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Reference Isolate ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
Single Hypha

In summer 2008, leaf chlorosis, defoliation, exceptional fruit set, twig dieback, and wilt were observed on 4-year-old olive (Olea europea L.) trees cv. Tonda Iblea in a drip-irrigated orchard in eastern Sicily. Rot of fine roots was associated with these symptoms and on ~15% of symptomatic trees rot extended to the crown and basal stem. Trees declined slowly or collapsed suddenly with withered leaves still attached. Incidence of affected trees was ~10%. A fungus identified as Verticillium dahliae Kleb. was isolated from the xylem of main roots and basal stem. An oomycete identified as Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) Butler was isolated from roots and basal trunk bark. Both pathogens were recovered from symptomatic trees with mean frequency of positive isolations per tree of 80 and 30% for V. dahliae and P. palmivora, respectively. To isolate V. dahliae, wood chips were surface disinfested in 0.5% NaOCl for 1 min and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). The fungus was identified on the basis of microsclerotia, verticillate arrangement of phialides on conidiophores, and hyaline single-celled conidia. Ten monoconidial isolates were characterized by PCR using primer pairs INTND2f/INTND2r and DB19/espdef01 (3). Only 824-bp amplicons, diagnostic of the virulent, nondefoliating V. dahliae pathotype, were obtained. P. palmivora was isolated on selective medium (2) and pure cultures were obtained by single-hypha transfers. Colonies grew on PDA between 10 and 35°C (optimum at 27°C). Chlamydospores and elliptical to ovoid, papillate, caducous (mean pedicel length = 5 μm) sporangia (length/breadth ratio of 1.8) were produced on V8 juice agar. All isolates were paired with reference isolates of P. nicotianae and produced gametangia only with isolates of the A2 mating type. PCR amplicons of a representative isolate generated using primers ITS 6 and ITS 4 (1) were sequenced and found to be identical to those of a reference isolate of P. palmivora (GenBank No. AY208126). Pathogenicity of V. dahliae (IMI 397476) and P. palmivora (IMI 397475) was tested on 6-month-old rooted cuttings of olive cv. Tonda Iblea. Ten cuttings were transplanted into pots with steam-sterilized soil and inoculum of P. palmivora (4% vol/vol) produced on wheat kernels. Ten olive cuttings were inoculated with V. dahliae by injecting the stem with 150 μl of a conidial suspension (107 conidia ml–1) and 10 cuttings were stem inoculated with V. dahliae and transplanted into soil infested with P. palmivora. Controls were 10 noninoculated cuttings transplanted into steam-sterilized soil. Pots were kept in a greenhouse (25 ± 3°C) for 4 months. No aerial symptoms were observed on cuttings transplanted into soil infested with P. palmivora. However, root dry weight was reduced by 40% in comparison with the controls. Cuttings inoculated solely with V. dahliae had a 15% reduction in height compared with the controls but only four cuttings wilted. All cuttings inoculated with P. palmivora and V. dahliae wilted, indicating a synergism between the two pathogens. Controls remained healthy. Each pathogen was reisolated solely from inoculated cuttings and both pathogens were reisolated from cuttings with double inoculations. A similar syndrome ‘seca’ (drying) was reported in Spain (4). References: (1) D. E. L. Cooke et al. Fungal Genet. Biol. 30:17, 2000. (2) H. Masago et al. Phytopathology 67:425, 1977. (3) J. Mercado-Blanco et al. Plant Dis. 87:1487, 2003. (4) M. E. Sánchez-Hernández et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 104:34, 1998.

THE EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS AND ENVIRONMENT ON SYNNEMATA FORMATION OF STILBELLA THERMOPHILA

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Al-Hassan ◽  
C. L. Fergus
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
The Media ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Exogenous Supply

Stilbella thermophila Fergus was grown on a chemically denned medium of D-glucose, KNO3, MgSO4, KH2PO4, agar, and microelements to determine the effect of environment and nutrition on growth and synnemata production. An exogenous supply of thiamine stimulated growth markedly on pyridine-purified agar, but both thiamine and biotin were required for synnemata to form. Pyrimidine was the effective moiety, not thiazole. S. thermophila grew on a large number of carbon and nitrogen compounds substituted singly into the basal medium, but synnemata formed on less than half of such media. Sucrose did not inhibit synnemata formation with glucose present, but no synnemata formed with sucrose in the medium even with a number of different nitrogen sources. Synnemata production followed chance mold contamination on a few of the media that normally did not allow their production. The carbon–nitrogen ratio significantly affected synnemata formation. So did pH, concentration of phosphate buffer, and temperature. At suboptimal temperatures, reduced synnemata, or only loose bundles of conidiophores, formed. Light was not required for synnemata initiation nor for maturation. Synnemata formation occurred over a narrower range of temperature, pH, vitamin concentration, nutrient concentration, and nutrient spectrum (carbon and nitrogen sources) than did mycelial growth.

Biological Characteristics for Mycelial Growth of Agaricus bisporus

2014 ◽  
Vol 508 ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Ma ◽  
Chu Yu Guan ◽  
Xian Jun Meng
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Biological Characteristics ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
White Button Mushrooms

The biological characteristics of Agaricus bisporus mycelia were reported in this study. Biological characteristics of mycelium growth, including carbon source, nitrogen source, carbon-nitrogen ratio, temperature, pH and growth regulators, were investigated. The results indicated that the optimum carbon and nitrogen sources for mycelial growth were glucose and yeast extract fermentation, respectively. The optimum carbon-nitrogen ratio of culture was 20:1～30:1; the optimum temperature was 22～24°C and the optimum pH was 7.0～7.5. Analysis of growth regulators revealed that VC and VB1 were essential in promoting the mycelial growth of white button mushrooms.

Mycoviruses of Penicillium stoloniferum: influence of carbon–nitrogen nutrition upon replication

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 947-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Detroy ◽  
D. M. DeMarini ◽  
P. E. Still
Keyword(s):  
Virus Replication ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Minimal Growth ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
C And N ◽  
Penicillium Stoloniferum

Carbon–nitrogen ratio experiments indicate that limiting nutrition not only hinders Penicillium stoloniferum host proliferation but reduces total PsV-F and PsV-S virus replication. Results of C-N experiments show a pH-induced autolysis and virus release at minimal C levels. Maximal PsV-F levels and biomass were obtained with glucose and sucrose as C sources. Oleic acid also yielded high biomass and PsV-F yields. Yeast extract was an excellent N source; 2.83 g dry weight biomass and 87 A260 units PsV-F after 96 h of growth. Other nitrogen sources, including amino acids, supported only minimal growth and virus replication. The autolysis phenomenon is pH, not viral-induced. High C and N will support maximal growth and unrestricted virus replication with no cellular lysis. Under low C growth conditions, the replication of PsV-S is favored coupled with high pH and autolysis.

BIOASSAY OF PROLACTIN

1969 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Nicoll
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Assay Sensitivity ◽  
Mucosal Epithelium ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Total Dry Weight

ABSTRACT The response of the pigeon crop-sac to systemically acting prolactin (injected subcutaneously) was evaluated by measuring the wet weight of the responsive lateral lobes of the organ and by determining the dry weight of a 4 cm diameter disc of mucosal epithelium taken from one hemicrop. Of several different injection schedules tested, administration of prolactin in four daily injections was found to yield optimal responses. When compared with a graded series of prolactin doses, measurement of the mucosal dry weight proved to be a better method of response quantification than determination of the crop-sac wet weight with respect to both assay sensitivity and precision. The submucosal tissue of the crop-sac was estimated to constitute about 64 % of the total dry weight of the unstimulated organ and it was found to be relatively unresponsive to prolactin stimulation in comparison with the mucosa. The lipid content of the mucosal epithelium was determined using unstimulated crop-sacs or tissues which showed varying degrees of prolactin-induced proliferation. The fat content of the mucosal epithelial cells increased only slightly more rapidly than the dry weight or the defatted dry weight of the mucosa. Suggestions are made for the further improvement of the systemic crop-sac assay for prolactin.

Environmental significance of atrazine in aqueous systems and its removal by biological processes: an overview

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-178 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Environmental Significance ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Living Organisms

Atrazine, a chlorinated s-triazine group of herbicide is one of the most widely used pesticides in the World. Due to its extensive use, long half-life and various toxic properties, it has very high environmental significance. Up to 22 mg l-1 of atrazine was found in ground water whereas permissible limit of atrazine is in ppb level in drinking water. As per Indian standard there should not be any pesticide present in drinking water. Among many other treatment processes available, Incineration, adsorption, chemical treatment, phytoremediation and biodegradation are the most commonly used ones. Biological degradation of atrazine depends upon various factors like the operating environment, external carbon and nitrogen sources, carbon/ nitrogen ratio (C/N), water content and the bacterial strain. Although, general atrazine degradation pathways are available, the specific pathways in specific conditions are not yet clearly defined. In this paper extensive review has been made on the occurrence of atrazine in surface and ground water bodies, probable sources and causes of its occurrence in water environment, the toxicity of atrazine on various living organisms and its removal by biological processes.

Impact of an Open Trellis on Canopy Growth, Light Interception, Yield, and Leaf Physiology of Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus)

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 468b-468
Author(s):  
Stephen F. Klauer ◽  
J. Scott Cameron ◽  
Chuhe Chen
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Leaf Physiology ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Upper Third

After promising results were obtained with an open-style split trellis (two top wires) in its initial year, two new trials were established in 1997 in northwest (Lynden) and southwest (Woodland) Washington. For the split trellis, actual yields were 33% (machine-picked 1/2 season) and 17% (hand-picked) greater, respectively, for the two locations compared to the conventional trellis (one top wire). In Woodland, canes from the split trellis had 33% more berries, 55% more laterals, 69% more leaves, and 25% greater leaf area compared with the conventional trellis. Greatest enhancement of these components was in the upper third of the canopy. Laterals were also shorter in this area of the split canopy, but there was no difference in average total length of lateral/cane between trellis types. Total dry weight/cane was 22% greater in the split trellis, but component partitioning/cane was consistent between the two systems with fruit + laterals (43%) having the greatest above-ground biomass, followed by the stem (30% to 33%) and the leaves (21% to 22%). Measurement of canopy width, circumference, and light interception showed that the split-trellis canopy filled in more quickly, and was larger from preanthesis through postharvest. Light interception near the top of the split canopy was 30% greater 1 month before harvest with 98% interception near the top and middle of that canopy. There was no difference between the trellis types in leaf CO2 assimilation, spectra, or fluorescence through the fruiting season, or in total nitrogen of postharvest primocane leaves.

scholarly journals Effects of Organic Fertilizer on Bok Choy Growth and Quality in Hydroponic Cultures

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 491
Author(s):  
Kazuki Kano ◽  
Hiroaki Kitazawa ◽  
Keitaro Suzuki ◽  
Ani Widiastuti ◽  
Hiromitsu Odani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Root ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Corn Steep Liquor ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Steep Liquor

Effects of corn steep liquor (organic fertilizer, OF) and conventional chemical fertilizer (CF) on the growth and yield of bok choy (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) in summer and autumn hydroponic growing systems were compared. When OF and CF were applied with the same amount of total nitrogen in summer cultivation, there was no significant difference between yields; however, the growth rate in OF was slower than in CF. When OF was applied with twice the amount of nitrogen in CF (OF2), bok choy growth and yield were significantly inhibited in summer cultivation, likely owing to dissolved oxygen deficiency and different rates of nitrification and nitrogen absorbance by the plant root. Although the contents of potassium, calcium, and magnesium in bok choy showed no difference among the three treatments in both cultivation seasons, the carbon/nitrogen ratio tended to be higher in OF and OF2 than in CF. Lower nitric acid and higher ascorbic acid content was found in OF and OF2 than in CF. Overall, our results suggest that a comparable yield is expected by using the same nitrogen amount with a conventional recipe of chemical fertilization in autumn cultivation. However, further improvement of hydroponic management is needed in summer cultivation.

scholarly journals Impact of Different Water Management Regimes on the Growth, Productivity, and Resource Use Efficiency of Dry Direct Seeded Rice in Central Punjab-Pakistan

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1151
Author(s):  
Sadam Hussain ◽  
Saddam Hussain ◽  
Zubair Aslam ◽  
Muhammad Rafiq ◽  
Adeel Abbas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Hybrid Rice ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Benefit Cost

Dry direct-seeded rice has been shown to save irrigation water and labor. Nonetheless, irrigation management in dry direct-seeded rice has received very little attention. Here, we examined the potential of different irrigation regimes: aerobic rice (AR), alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and continuous flooding (CF) in dry direct-seeded rice cultivation on two rice cultivars (Pride-1 (hybrid indica) and NB-1 (inbred indica)). Growth, yield attributes, grain yield, total water input, water productivity and benefit cost ratio were measured. Our results showed that AR saved 11.22 and 28.40%, and 5.72 and 32.98% water compared with AWD and CF during 2018 and 2020, respectively. There was a significant difference in grain yield among treatments and cultivars. AWD and CF produced statistically same total dry weight and grain yield, while AR reduced the total dry weight by 31.34% and 38.04% and grain yield by 34.82% and 38.16% in comparison to AWD and CF, respectively, across the years. Except for 1000-grain weight and harvest index in AWD and CF, further differences in total dry weight and grain yield among irrigation treatments were primarily correlated with variations in yield attributes. Among the cultivars, hybrid rice performed better than inbred rice. Over the two-year period, hybrid rice increased total dry weight, grain yield, and water productivity by 9.28%, 13.05%, and 14.28%, respectively, as compared to inbred rice. Regarding water productivity (WP), the maximum percentage (40.90 and 26.53%) was recorded for AWD compared to AR and CF. Among cultivars, more water productivity (14.28%) was calculated for hybrid rice than inbred one. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, leaf area index and crop growth rate contributed to higher grain yield of hybrid rice under AWD and CF. In contrast to WP, the maximum benefit cost ratio was estimated to be higher for CF than that of AR and AWD. For the cultivars, the maximum value (2.26 in 2018 and 2.32 in 2020) was calculated for hybrid rice compared with the inbred one. In conclusion, these results suggests that AWD with maximum WP and CF with maximum BCR could be more efficient approaches than AR. Under CF, hybrid rice cultivars with higher yield and yield-related attributes, WP and BCR performed better.

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