Germination of ascospores of Hypoxylon mammatum in living aspen

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 1973-1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darryl L. Anderson ◽  
D. W. French
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Percentage Germination ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Hypoxylon Mammatum

Ascospores of Hypoxylon mammatum germinated in the sapwood of naturally occurring trembling aspen. Observed germination never exceeded 7%. There appeared to be no clear relationships between percentage germination and the age of the wound, location in the sapwood, age of the tree, or weather conditions during the incubation period.

Two infection sites of Hypoxylon mammatum in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides)

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (22) ◽  
pp. 2621-2624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Manion
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Infection Site ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Hypoxylon Mammatum ◽  
Common Infection

Observations and dissection of young naturally occurring cankers caused by Hypoxylon mammatum suggest that infection of second- and third-season-old stems and branches commonly takes place at the base of first- and second-season-old dead branches. A second but less common infection site is associated with galls caused by the insect Saperda concolor.

Buster Keaton’s Climate Change

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Fay
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
World War I ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
World War ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Peter Sloterdijk ◽  
Slapstick Comedy

Much of Buster Keaton’s slapstick comedy revolves around his elaborate outdoor sets and the crafty weather design that destroys them. In contrast to D. W. Griffith, who insisted on filming in naturally occurring weather, and the Hollywood norm of fabricating weather in the controlled space of the studio, Keaton opted to simulate weather on location. His elaborately choreographed gags with their storm surges and collapsing buildings required precise control of manufactured rain and wind, along with detailed knowledge of the weather conditions and climatological norms on site. Steamboat Bill, Jr. (1928) is one of many examples of Keaton’s weather design in which characters find themselves victims of elements that are clearly produced by the off-screen director. Keaton’s weather design finds parallels in World War I strategies of creating microclimates of death (using poison gas) as theorized by Peter Sloterdijk.

scholarly journals Carfentrazone Plus Pyroxasulfone Combinations for Weed Control in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-63
Author(s):  
W. James Grichar ◽  
Peter A. Dotray ◽  
Todd Baughman
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
South Texas ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Cucumis Melo L

Aims: To determine peanut response and weed control following the use of carfentrazone plus pyroxasulfone (C + P). Study Design:  Randomized complete block design with 3-4 reps depending on location. Place and Duration of Study: Studies were conducted during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons in south Texas near Yoakum (29.276o N, 97.123o W), the High Plains of Texas near Lamesa (32.769o N, 101.977o W) or Brownfield (33.104o N, 102.161o W), and southwestern Oklahoma near Ft. Cobb (35.091o N, 98.275o W). Methodology: Plots were infested with naturally occurring weed populations. Pendimethalin was applied either preplant incorporated (PPI) or preemergence (PRE). Early postemergence (EPOST) applications varied according to weather conditions and peanut growth at each location. Postemergence (POST) treatments were applied 26 to 58 days after planting. Weed control and peanut stunting were visually estimated on a scale of 0 to 100 (0 indicating no control or plant death and 100 indicating complete control or plant death). Results: Peanut stunting with C + P was only noted at the High Plains and Oklahoma locations in 2015 but not 2016. Urochloa texana (Buckl.) control with C + P (PRE) varied from 75 to 93%. POST applications provided inconsistent control.  Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. control with C + P (PRE) was at least 78% season-long while POST applications were inconsistent (24 to 100%).  Pendimethalin plus C + P controlled Cucumis melo L. var. Dudaim Naud. at least 80% late-season. Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. control was excellent season-long (> 80%) in 2015 but poor (< 60%) in 2016.  Reduced peanut yields were noted with C + P in Oklahoma in 2015 to excessive season-long injury.    Conclusion: The premix of C + P has potential for use in peanut especially for control of many small-seeded annual broadleaf weeds that continue to plague many peanut growers across the southwest.  For effective broad-spectrum annual weed control season-long, the addition of pendimethalin to PRE applications will be required.

scholarly journals Assessment of Soybean Evapotranspiration and Controlled Water Stress Using Traditional and Converted Evapotranspirometers

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 830
Author(s):  
Angela Anda ◽  
Brigitta Simon ◽  
Gabor Soos ◽  
Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva ◽  
Zsuzsanna Farkas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Water Response ◽  
Selection Of

Evapotranspiration (ETR), reference evapotranspiration (ET0), and seasonal ETR totals were determined for soybean over two growing seasons, at Keszthely, Hungary, using traditionally operated and converted evapotranspirometers. The study aimed to document the plant–water response of two soybean varieties (Sinara: Sin; Sigalia: Sig) which have different water demands. Three water supply treatments were tested: unlimited (WW) watering, 50% of crop water requirement (RO), and rainfed (P). Reconstructed evapotranspirometers allowed crop water deprivation to be simulated under field conditions. ETR sums were higher during the cooler 2017 than in the warmer 2018, calling attention to the importance of being informed about more detailed meteorological variables other than monthly (seasonal) means. In addition to variation in daily mean air temperatures (Ta), maximum Ta played a key role in determining ETR under naturally occurring extreme weather conditions in 2018. Irrespective of the variety, daily mean ETR was on average 65–75% greater than in the water-stress treatment. Unexpectedly, water stress-tolerant Sin used slightly more water than Sig, which was bred for standard weather conditions. Measured mean ETR was as much as 10% higher than derived ET0 rates, causing crop coefficient to exceed 1.0 during flowering. Careful selection of the soybean variety when practicing water-saving management may lead to more efficient variety improvement in a breeding program. It may also be important for soybean producers and farmers to adopt the best variety, aiming to decrease the use of irrigation water to increase seed yield.

scholarly journals Reaction of Four Musa Genotypes at Three Temperatures to Isolates of Mycosphaerella fijiensis from Different Geographical Regions

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (10) ◽  
pp. 1139-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald A. Romero ◽  
Turner B. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Mycosphaerella Fijiensis ◽  
Black Sigatoka ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
Growth Chambers

Two tetraploid banana hybrids, FHIA1 and FHIA2, with resistance to black Sigatoka, and two highly susceptible, naturally occurring triploids, Grand Naine and False Horn, were evaluated at three temperatures for their resistance to isolates of Mycosphaerella fijiensis from five geographical regions. The youngest open leaf of young plants was inoculated, and plants were incubated at 22, 26, and 30°C in growth chambers. Duration of the incubation period and disease severity were used to evaluate the reactions of the genotypes. The incubation period was the shortest at 26°C. Disease severity was greatest at 26°C on Grand Naine and False Horn, but there was no clear temperature effect for the FHIA genotypes. The incubation period was longer on both FHIA genotypes than on Grand Naine and False Horn. With few exceptions, isolates with the shortest incubation periods caused greater disease severity than those with longer incubation periods. The level of resistance between the two FHIA genotypes was similar, and both expressed high resistance across temperatures and isolates of M. fijiensis, indicating that no physiological races of the pathogen were detected. There were differences in durations of the incubation periods and disease severities associated with the geographical origin of the isolates. Isolates that originated in Honduras, Colombia, and Costa Rica produced more disease on Grand Naine and False Horn than did isolates from Cameroon and Asia. However, no differences associated with the geographical origin of the isolates were observed for both FHIA genotypes. Also, there were no differences in disease severities within isolates that originated from Honduras, Colombia, and Costa Rica.

scholarly journals AN INFECTIOUS CUTANEOUS FIBROMA OF THE VIRGINIA WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS)

1958 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 797-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Shope ◽  
Robert Mangold ◽  
Lester G. MacNamara ◽  
Keith R. Dumbell
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Slow Rate ◽  
Regression Rate ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Naturally Occurring

A naturally occurring cutaneous fibroma of deer has proven to be experimentally transmissible in deer. The causative agent is a virus that is readily alterable through Berkefeld N candles and that survives in fibroma tissue for at least as long as 27 months in glycerol-saline at –20°C. The experimentally produced deer fibroma has an incubation period of about 7 weeks, a very slow rate of growth, and a high regression rate.

Incubation and Nest Building Behaviour of Black-Headed Gulls. I: Incubation Behaviour in the Incubation Period

Behaviour ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 18 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 62-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.G. Beer
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Nest Material ◽  
Standard Pattern ◽  
Incubation Behaviour ◽  
Building Behaviour ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Incubation Pattern ◽  
Sitting Behaviour

AbstractI. Descriptions are given of the elements of the behaviour performed by Black-headed Gulls on the nest during the time between laying of the third egg and hatching of the first egg. 2. With three eggs in the nest it is found that the majority of settling sequences are complete, the majority of sitting spells are relatively long, and the eggs are covered for almost all of the available time. Also most of the relatively long sitting spells are preceded by complete settling sequences and most of the short sitting spells are preceded by incomplete settling sequences; most of the complete settling sequences lead to long sitting spells and most of the incomplete settling sequences lead to short sitting spells. 3. The frequency of settling, the proportion of complete settling sequences, and the total amount of time spent sitting, are used in comparing the behaviour in different situations. It is found that more or less than three eggs in the nest, eggs of abnormal shape or size, fixed eggs, disturbed nest material, scaring stimuli near the nest, presence of the mate, and the early stage of the sitting bout, produce incubation behaviour which differs from the standard pattern; the birds rise and settle more often, spend less total time sitting, and, with the exception of the last two cases, complete less of their settling sequences. On the other hand different times of day, different stages of the incubation period, differences in weather conditions, eggs of abnormal colour or markings were not associated with differences in the incubation pattern in my observations. 4. It is concluded that stimuli relayed from the brood-patches are particularly important in determining the pattern of settling and sitting behaviour. 5. Some problems connected with the use of the concepts of incubation "drive" and incubation "tendency" are discussed. 6. Stimuli to the feet and legs probably play a part in the release of shifting. 7. Quivering while sitting is probably stimulated by disturbed or "novel" contact between brood-patches and eggs.

scholarly journals Influence of Weather Conditions on Infection of Peach Fruit by Taphrina deformans

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 1625-1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Rossi ◽  
M. Bolognesi ◽  
S. Giosuè
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Leaf Curl

The effect of environment on the infection of peach fruit by Taphrina deformans was investigated using orchard observations under natural conditions (in 2001 to 2004) or in trees managed in such a way to exclude rainfall. These conditions were then validated using pot-grown peach plants exposed to single infection events and independent orchard observations. Leaf curl incidence was related to rainfall, length of wet periods, and the temperature during wetness and during the incubation period, as well as to the developmental stage of flowers and fruit. Weather conditions before petal fall did not influence fruit infection. After petal fall, rainfall and the duration of the wet period triggered by rainfall played a key role in infection occurrence. The minimum rainfall required for infection was 12 mm, with at least 24 h of wetness interrupted by no more than 4 h. No infection occurred when temperature was ≥17°C during the wet period or >19°C during incubation. Disease symptoms appeared on fruit after approximately 3 weeks of incubation, which is equivalent to 240- to 290-degree-days (base 0°C). The period for fruit infection was relatively short being from petal fall until air temperature remained greater than 16°C. During this period, the incidence of fruit that developed symptoms was closely related to the number of favorable events and the total wetness duration during such events.

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