Pigmentation in iris hybrids: the nature and development of flavonoid pigments and their effect on flower color in cultivated hybrids of Iris germanica

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1965-1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Ashtakala ◽  
D. F. Forward
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Pigment Concentration ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Iris Germanica

The development of flavonoid pigments has been investigated in six cultivars of Iris germanica L. with a wide range of flower color but containing essentially the same pigments. Content and localization of anthocyanin and anthoxanthin pigments were observed throughout bud and flower development. All varieties, both cyanic and acyanic, showed a common pattern of initial development in early stages, with leucoanthocyanins preceding anthoxanthins, and anthocyanin appearing later. Pigment concentration reached a maximum in half-grown buds, and quantitative differences among varieties were established. Varieties with high anthocyanin content also had high anthoxanthin content. Relative concentrations of pigments rather than different chemical species appear to be a major factor in determining flower color.

scholarly journals Genetic Differentiation in Anthocyanin Content among Berry Fruits

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-51
Author(s):  
Alicja Ponder ◽  
Ewelina Hallmann ◽  
Martyna Kwolek ◽  
Dominika Średnicka-Tober ◽  
Renata Kazimierczak
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Healthy Nutrition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Berry Fruits ◽  
Red Currant

Anthocyanins are widely distributed secondary metabolites that play an essential role in skin pigmentation of many plant organs and microorganisms. Anthocyanins have been associated with a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties. They are also effective agents in the prevention and treatment of many chronic diseases. Berries are particularly abundant in these compounds; therefore, their dietary intake has health-promoting effects. The aim of this study was to identify and determine the anthocyanin content in selected species and cultivars of berry fruits, such as raspberry, blackberry, red currant, blackcurrant, and highbush blueberry, widely consumed by Europeans. The concentrations of anthocyanins were determined by HPLC, identifying individual compounds: cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, and malvidin-3-O-galactoside. The experimental data showed that the selected species and cultivars of berry fruits differ significantly in the contents of anthocyanins. Among all species tested, blackberry and blackcurrant were characterized significantly by the highest content of anthocyanins (sum), while the lowest content was found in red currant fruits. Additionally, the content of individual anthocyanin compounds in particular species and cultivars was also different. Considering the high content of anthocyanins and their potential positive impact on human health and protection against disease, berries should be part of healthy nutrition.

scholarly journals Formation of flavorant–propylene Glycol Adducts With Novel Toxicological Properties in Chemically Unstable E-Cigarette Liquids

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1248-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanno C Erythropel ◽  
Sairam V Jabba ◽  
Tamara M DeWinter ◽  
Melissa Mendizabal ◽  
Paul T Anastas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Chemical Systems ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Irritant Receptors

Abstract Introduction “Vaping” electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is increasingly popular with youth, driven by the wide range of available flavors, often created using flavor aldehydes. The objective of this study was to examine whether flavor aldehydes remain stable in e-cigarette liquids or whether they undergo chemical reactions, forming novel chemical species that may cause harm to the user. Methods Gas chromatography was used to determine concentrations of flavor aldehydes and reaction products in e-liquids and vapor generated from a commercial e-cigarette. Stability of the detected reaction products in aqueous media was monitored by ultraviolet spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and their effects on irritant receptors determined by fluorescent calcium imaging in HEK-293T cells. Results Flavor aldehydes including benzaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, citral, ethylvanillin, and vanillin rapidly reacted with the e-liquid solvent propylene glycol (PG) after mixing, and upward of 40% of flavor aldehyde content was converted to flavor aldehyde PG acetals, which were also detected in commercial e-liquids. Vaping experiments showed carryover rates of 50%–80% of acetals to e-cigarette vapor. Acetals remained stable in physiological aqueous solution, with half-lives above 36 hours, suggesting they persist when inhaled by the user. Acetals activated aldehyde-sensitive TRPA1 irritant receptors and aldehyde-insensitive TRPV1 irritant receptors. Conclusions E-liquids are potentially reactive chemical systems in which new compounds can form after mixing of constituents and during storage, as demonstrated here for flavor aldehyde PG acetals, with unexpected toxicological effects. For regulatory purposes, a rigorous process is advised to monitor the potentially changing composition of e-liquids and e-vapors over time, to identify possible health hazards. Implications This study demonstrates that e-cigarette liquids can be chemically unstable, with reactions occurring between flavorant and solvent components immediately after mixing at room temperature. The resulting compounds have toxicological properties that differ from either the flavorants or solvent components. These findings suggest that the reporting of manufacturing ingredients of e-liquids is insufficient for a safety assessment. The establishment of an analytical workflow to detect newly formed compounds in e-liquids and their potential toxicological effects is imperative for regulatory risk analysis.

scholarly journals Computational modeling of anthocyanin pathway evolution

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas C. Wheeler ◽  
Stacey D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Complex Phenotype ◽  
Pathway Evolution ◽  
Anthocyanin Pathway ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pathway Function ◽  
Simple Kinetic Model ◽  
New Mutations

AbstractAlteration of metabolic pathways is a key component of the evolution of new phenotypes. Flower color is a striking example of the importance of metabolic evolution in a complex phenotype, wherein shifts in the activity of the underlying pathway lead to a wide range of pigments. Although experimental work has identified common classes of mutations responsible for transitions among colors, we lack a unifying model that relates pathway function and activity to the evolution of distinct pigment phenotypes. One challenge in creating such a model is the branching structure of pigment pathways, which may lead to evolutionary trade-offs due to competition for shared substrates. In order to predict the effects of shifts in enzyme function and activity on pigment production, we created a simple kinetic model of a major plant pigmentaion pathway: the anthocyanin pathway. This model describes the production of the three classes of blue, purple and red anthocyanin pigments, and accordingly, includes multiple branches and substrate competition. We first studied the general behavior of this model using a realistic, functional set of parameters. We then stochastically evolved the pathway toward a defined optimum and and analyzed the patterns of fixed mutations. This approach allowed us to quantify the probability density of trajectories through pathway state space and identify the types and number of changes. Finally, we examine whether the observed trajectories and constraints help to explain experimental observations, i.e., the predominance of mutations which change color by altering the function of branching genes in the pathway. These analyses provide a theoretical framework which can be used to predict the consequences of new mutations in terms of both pigment phenotypes and pleiotropic effects.

Alteration of flower color in Iris germanica L. ‘Fire Bride’ through ectopic expression of phytoene synthase gene (crtB) from Pantoea agglomerans

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1307-1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoran Jeknić ◽  
Stevan Jeknić ◽  
Slađana Jevremović ◽  
Angelina Subotić ◽  
Tony H. H. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Pantoea Agglomerans ◽  
Phytoene Synthase ◽  
Iris Germanica ◽  
Phytoene Synthase Gene

HIGH TEMPERATURE HYBRID NANODIAMOND SENSOR SYSTEMS

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (HITEC) ◽  
pp. 000034-000039 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Fraley ◽  
Lauren Kegley ◽  
Stephen Minden ◽  
Jimmy L. Davidson ◽  
David Kerns
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Reactor Core ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Smart Sensors ◽  
Sensor Systems ◽  
High Temperature Electronics ◽  
Wireless Telemetry ◽  
Wide Range

In recent years, high temperature semiconductors have been utilized in wireless telemetry systems for use in military and commercial applications, wherein a high temperature environment combined with other factors such as rotating machinery or weight-constraints preclude the use of conventional silicon based wireless telemetry or wired sensor solutions. Present systems include those which can measure temperatures, pressures, vibrations, and strains. By combining the advanced electronics developed for these systems with novel sensor elements created using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) nanodiamond technology, a wide range of other high temperature sensing systems can be enabled. The unique properties of the diamond sensors have proven in principle the capability to sense, with quantifiable signal, a wide variety of parameters under extreme conditions including very high temperatures and pressures. It has been clear for some time that diamond would be the ideal material of choice for solid-state sensors, but only in recent years has the advent of CVD diamond (as opposed to natural or HPHT [high pressure, high temperature] formation) opened the door for its practical development into harsh environment sensor systems. By combining these diamond sensor elements with high temperature electronics and high temperature packaging approaches, smart sensors can be developed to measure parameters ranging from gas chemical species on the surface of Venus, to neutron flux rates outside of a nuclear reactor core. The research presented here is centered around the use of hybrid diamond sensors for neutron detection applications in Nuclear Thermal Propulsion systems. The current technology state and development needs for these hybrid high temperature diamond smart sensors will be highlighted to potentially encourage future R&D from the high-temperature electronics community.

Optical properties of leaves in relation to anthocyanin concentration and distribution

2000 ◽  
Vol 77 (12) ◽  
pp. 1777-1782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Neill ◽  
Kevin S Gould
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Pigment Concentration ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Tacit Assumption ◽  
Content Variation ◽  
Leaf Optical Properties ◽  
Anthocyanin Concentration ◽  
Anthocyanin Production

We have tested the tacit assumption that the location of anthocyanic cells within a leaf affects the quality and quantity of light that is absorbed. Leaf optics are described for Quintinia serrata A. Cunn., a native New Zealand tree that is polymorphic for anthocyanin distribution and concentration. Anthocyanin production enhanced the absorptance of green-yellow wavelengths in proportion to pigment concentration. The reflectance of red light was independent of leaf anthocyanin content. Variation in the location of pigmented cells could not account for differences in leaf optics. The effects of anthocyanin on PAR absorptance were consistent across six further, unrelated species that bore red leaves. We conclude that anthocyanin concentration, rather than its histological distribution, has the greater impact on leaf optical properties.

scholarly journals Developing a writing assistant to help EAP writers with collocations in real time

ReCALL ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (01) ◽  
pp. 23-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Frankenberg-Garcia ◽  
Robert Lew ◽  
Jonathan C. Roberts ◽  
Geraint Paul Rees ◽  
Nirwan Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
English For Academic Purposes ◽  
Academic English ◽  
Academic Vocabulary ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Present Information ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Novice Users

AbstractCorpora have given rise to a wide range of lexicographic resources aimed at helping novice users of academic English with their writing. This includes academic vocabulary lists, a variety of textbooks, and even a bespoke academic English dictionary. However, writers may not be familiar with these resources or may not be sufficiently aware of the lexical shortcomings of their emerging texts to trigger the need to use such help in the first place. Moreover, writers who have to stop writing to look up a word can be distracted from getting their ideas down on paper. The ColloCaid project (www.collocaid.uk) aims to address these problems by integrating information on collocation with text editors. In this paper, we share the research underpinning the initial development of ColloCaid by detailing the rationale of (1) the lexicographic database we are compiling to support the collocation needs of novice users of English for Academic Purposes (EAP) and (2) the preliminary visualisation decisions taken to present information on collocation to EAP users without disrupting their writing. We conclude the paper by outlining the next steps in the research.

scholarly journals Earth-based observations of impact phenomena

1996 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 81-109
Author(s):  
Philip D. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Hubble Space Telescope ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Impact Phenomena ◽  
Infrared Wavelengths ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Size Estimates

Earth-based observations at near- and mid-infrared wavelengths were obtained for at least 15 of the SL9 impacts, ranging from the spectacular G, K and L events to the barely-detected N and V impacts. Although there were a few exceptions, most of the IR lightcurves fit a common pattern of one or two relatively faint precursor flashes, followed several minutes later by the main infrared event as the explosively-ejected plume crashed down onto the jovian atmosphere. Correlations with the impact times recorded by the Galileo spacecraft and plumes imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope lead to an interpretation of the twin precursors in terms of (i) the entry of the bolide into the upper atmosphere, and (ii) the re-appearance of the rising fireball above Jupiter's limb. Positive correlations are observed between the peak IR flux observed during the splashback phase and both pre-impact size estimates for the individual SL9 fragments and the scale of the resulting ejecta deposits. None of the fragments observed to have moved off the main train of the comet by May 1994 produced a significant impact signature. Earth-based fireball temperature estimates are on the order of 750 K, 30-60 sec after impact. For the larger impacts, the unexpectedly protracted fireball emission at 2.3 μm remains unexplained. A wide range of temperatures has been inferred for the splashback phase, where shocks are expected to have heated the re-entering plume material at least briefly to several thousand K, and further modelling is required to reconcile these data.

scholarly journals Unraveling the Biochemical Base of Dahlia Flower Coloration

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 1934578X0800300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Halbwirth ◽  
Gerlinde Muster ◽  
Karl Stich
Keyword(s):  
Chalcone Synthase ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Chalcone Isomerase ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Flavone Synthase ◽  
Flavone Synthase Ii ◽  
Related Compounds

Dahlia ( Dahlia variabilis) exists in a dazzling array of cultivars, showing red, orange, magenta, lilac, yellow and white flower color, which is exclusively based on the presence of flavonoids and biochemically related compounds. Red hues (red, orange, magenta, lilac) are a result of anthocyanin accumulation in varying concentration and composition, while a yellow color is based on the formation of 6′-deoxychalcones in the petals. Red dahlia pigments are all derived from pelargonidin and cyanidin. Delphinidin derivatives are not formed due to the absence of flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase in dahlia petals, which provides an explanation for the lack of blue dahlia flowers. Orange, lilac and rose cultivars are characterized by a lower anthocyanin content compared to many red cultivars. We investigated 198 cultivars for the presence of flavonoid enzymes. The activities of chalcone isomerase (CHI), chalcone synthase (CHS), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (FHT), flavone synthase II (FNSII), flavonol synthase (FLS) and flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H) were demonstrated in enzyme preparations of dahlia petals. CHI accepted 6′-hydroxychalcones as substrates, but did not catalyze the conversion of 6′-deoxychalcones to the corresponding flavanones. White cultivars were frequently characterized by the lack of DFR activity, whereas in many yellow cultivars neither FHT nor DFR activity could be shown.

scholarly journals Co-expression clustering across flower development identifies modules for diverse floral forms in Achimenes (Gesneriaceae)

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wade R. Roberts ◽  
Eric H. Roalson
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Evolutionary Rates ◽  
Pollination Syndrome ◽  
Pollination Syndromes ◽  
Hummingbird Pollination

Background Genetic pathways involved with flower color and shape are thought to play an important role in the development of flowers associated with different pollination syndromes, such as those associated with bee, butterfly, or hummingbird pollination. Because pollination syndromes are complex traits that are orchestrated by multiple genes and pathways, the gene regulatory networks have not been explored. Gene co-expression networks provide a systems level approach to identify important contributors to floral diversification. Methods RNA-sequencing was used to assay gene expression across two stages of flower development (an early bud and an intermediate stage) in 10 species of Achimenes (Gesneriaceae). Two stage-specific co-expression networks were created from 9,503 orthologs and analyzed to identify module hubs and the network periphery. Module association with bee, butterfly, and hummingbird pollination syndromes was tested using phylogenetic mixed models. The relationship between network connectivity and evolutionary rates (dN/dS) was tested using linear models. Results Networks contained 65 and 62 modules that were largely preserved between developmental stages and contained few stage-specific modules. Over a third of the modules in both networks were associated with flower color, shape, and pollination syndrome. Within these modules, several hub nodes were identified that related to the production of anthocyanin and carotenoid pigments and the development of flower shape. Evolutionary rates were decreased in highly connected genes and elevated in peripheral genes. Discussion This study aids in the understanding of the genetic architecture and network properties underlying the development of floral form and provides valuable candidate modules and genes for future studies.

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