Changes in proteins, free amino acids, and amides accompanying imbibition and vernalization of wheat grains

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 1947-1956
Author(s):  
Rogers A. D. Jones ◽  
Pearl Weinberger
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Total Alcohol ◽  
Proportional Distribution

Vernalization has a negligible effect on the total protein content of spring and winter grains. However, large increases in the total alcohol-soluble amino acid and amide fractions were observed. The proportional distribution of amino acids and amides varied both between grain parts and between spring and winter wheats.Three bases of computing the amino acid and amide data were used in all cases, i.e. protein, dry weight, or grain part. Apparent differences in the magnitude of change with vernalization were dependent upon the base from which the data was calculated. This study indicates that data expressed on a dry weight basis alone may lead to an erroneous picture of metabolic change.

scholarly journals Amino Acid Composition of Milk from Cow, Sheep and Goat Raised in Ailano and Valle Agricola, Two Localities of ‘Alto Casertano’ (Campania Region)

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2431
Author(s):  
Nicola Landi ◽  
Sara Ragucci ◽  
Antimo Di Maro
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Campania Region

Cow, sheep and goat raw milk raised in Ailano and Valle Agricola territories (‘Alto Casertano’, Italy) were characterized (raw proteins, free and total amino acids content) to assess milk quality. Raw milk with the highest total protein content is sheep milk followed by goat and cow milk from both localities. Total amino acid content in cow, goat and sheep raw milk is 4.58, 4.81 and 6.62 g per 100 g, respectively, in which the most abundant amino acid is glutamic acid (~20.36 g per 100 g of proteins). Vice versa, the free amino acids content characteristic profiles are different for each species. In particular, the most abundant free amino acid in cow, sheep and goat raw milk is glutamic acid (9.07 mg per 100 g), tyrosine (4.72 mg per 100 g) and glycine (4.54 mg per 100 g), respectively. In addition, goat raw milk is a source of taurine (14.92 mg per 100 g), retrieved in low amount in cow (1.38 mg per 100 g) and sheep (2.10 mg per 100 g) raw milk. Overall, raw milk from ‘Alto Casertano’ show a high total protein content and are a good source of essential amino acids.

scholarly journals Short Communication: Differences in Levels of Free Amino Acids and Total Protein in Human Foremilk and Hindmilk

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joris van Sadelhoff ◽  
Dimitra Mastorakou ◽  
Hugo Weenen ◽  
Bernd Stahl ◽  
Johan Garssen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Total Protein Content

Free amino acids (FAAs) in human milk are indicated to have specific functional roles in infant development. Studies have shown differences between human milk that is expressed at the beginning of a feed (i.e., foremilk) and the remainder of the milk expressed (i.e., hindmilk). For example, it is well established that human hindmilk is richer in fat and energy than foremilk. Hence, exclusively feeding hindmilk is used to enhance weight gain of preterm, low birthweight infants. Whether FAAs occur differently between foremilk and hindmilk has never been reported, but given their bioactive capacities, this is relevant to consider especially in situations where hindmilk is fed exclusively. Therefore, this study analyzed and compared the FAA and total protein content in human foremilk and hindmilk samples donated by 30 healthy lactating women. The total protein content was found to be significantly higher in hindmilk (p < 0.001), whereas foremilk contained a significantly higher total content of FAAs (p = 0.015). With regards to individual FAAs, foremilk contained significantly higher levels of phenylalanine (p = 0.009), threonine (p = 0.003), valine (p = 0.018), alanine (p = 0.004), glutamine (p < 0.001), and serine (p = 0.012) than hindmilk. Although statistical significance was reached, effect size analysis of the milk fraction on FAA levels in milk revealed that the observed differences were only small. To what extent these differences are of physiological importance for infant development remains to be examined in future research.

millet has a very small amount of floury endosperm and barley, and rice [55]. The endosperm protein fraction of has both simple and compound starch granules [181]. Teff pearl millet contains low levels of lysine (1.4 g/100 g pro-has primarily simple starch granules with a small percent-tein), whereas the germ contains 5.16 g/100 g protein [2]. age of compound ones [127]. Pearl millet, fonio, and fox-Among millets, pearl and finger millets usually have the tail millet have simple starch granules only [82,127]. most lysine (Table 5). Teff and kodo millets are also high The germ can be large relative to the endosperm, as in in lysine. Proso and Japanese millets have the poorest es-pearl millet or fonio, or very small, as in proso and finger sential amino acid composition. However, when germinat-millets (Table 3). The pearl millet germ contains 24.5, ed, proso millet demonstrated an increase in lysine, trypto-32.8, and 7.2% of the total protein, fat, and ash found in phan, and other free amino acids as well as nonprotein the kernel, respectively [2]. nitrogen levels [147]. There were also increases in albu-mins and globulins and large decreases in prolamines [148]. Proteins in finger millets were better balanced than those in common and foxtail millets [159]. They also re-ported that the antitryptic activities if these millets were

2000 ◽  
pp. 197-205
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Proso Millet ◽  
Endosperm Protein

scholarly journals The influence of selected cultivation on the content of total protein and amino acids in the potato tubers

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 131-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mitrus ◽  
C. Stankiewicz ◽  
E. Steć ◽  
M. Kamecki ◽  
J. Starczewski
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Quality Changes ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid

The aim of study was to determine the effect of selected cultivation operations, such as nitrogenous fertilization (60,90 kgN/ha), row spacing (62, 82,102 cm), compaction of soil with wheels of farm aggregates (the numbers of passing 2&times;, 5&times;, 8&times;), on quality changes of two potato varieties (Irga and Ekra). The total protein content in the tubers of the tested potato varieties increased with the increase of the nitrogenous fertilization (90 kgN/ha). Genotype features of the tested potato tubers define the amino acid limiting the protein biological value (CS) to be leucine in Irga variety and isoleucine in Ekra variety. It is also genotype that influences the second limiting amino acid. It is the sum of sulphuric amino acids (Cys + Met) in respect to Irga variety and valine in respect to Ekra variety. The dose of90 kgN/ha decreases the protein biological value (EAAI) of the tubers of Ekra variety, which is high in starch.

Resistance of different host plants and cultivars of cassava to the mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti: Effect of infestation on leaf extract composition

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
M. Tertuliano ◽  
B. Le Rü
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phenacoccus Manihoti ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Cassava Varieties

AbstractThe effect of a 2-month infestation by the cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti Mat. Ferr.) on the metabolism of nitrogen (amino acids) and carbon (carbohydrates), leaf area and total dry weight of five cassava varieties (Manihot esculenta Crantz), faux-caoutchouc (a hybrid of M. esculenta and M. glaziovii Muell, Arg.), poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild) and talinum (Talinum triangulare Jack) was studied. Free amino acid and free sugar contents as well as relative free amino acid composition in the leaf extracts, although found to be very different from one plant to another, were not significantly modified by P. manihoti infestation, except for the total amino acid contents of the cassava variety 30M7. Variations in one particular amino acid induced by mealybug infestation were not linked to the antibiotic resistance of these plants. Infestation by the cassava mealybug did not modify the total dry weight but reduced the total leaf area although this reduction was only significant in cassava varieties 59M2, 30M7 and M'pembe, and in faux-caoutchouc. Within the genus Manihot, the reduction in leaf area was strongly correlated (r= -0.878, P≤0.05) to the degree of antibiotic resistance and was coupled to an increase in the ratio of sugars to amino acids, suggesting a similarity between the effects of water stress and those of mealybug infestation.

Intracellular free amino acid patterns in duodenal and colonic mucosa

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 378-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Ollenschläger ◽  
K Langer ◽  
H M Steffen ◽  
M Schrappe-Bächer ◽  
H Schmitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Medical Patients ◽  
The Mean ◽  
First Time ◽  
Duodenal Biopsies ◽  
Hiv Negative

Abstract We report for the first time the concentrations of free amino acids in human intestinal biopsies obtained by routinely performed endoscopy. We studied 15 medical patients with no changes of the mucosa and six HIV-infected persons with duodenitis. The mean (and SD) sum of all amino acids, taurine excepted, was 61.9 (5.4) mmol/kg dry weight in duodenal biopsies of HIV-negative subjects (n = 11) and 82.9 (0.6) mmol/kg in colonic specimens: 50% (44%) of the total (minus taurine) consisted of aspartate and glutamate and 14% (12%), of the essential amino acids. The relative amino acid pattern in duodenum and colon differed completely from that for muscle: aspartate was fourfold higher; glutamate, phenylalanine, glycine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine were about twofold higher. In contrast, glutamine amounted only to 4% (duodenum) to 14% (colon) of muscle glutamine. In duodenal biopsies of the HIV-infected persons, we found significantly (P less than 0.01, except glutamine: P less than 0.025) increased concentrations of glutamate (24.1 vs 17 mmol/kg dry weight), ornithine (1.4 vs 0.4), valine (2.2 vs 1.7), and glutamine.

scholarly journals Gender differences of amino acid metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster on alpha-ketoglutarate-supplemented food

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lylyk ◽  
O. Sorochynska ◽  
O. Maniukh ◽  
M. Bayliak
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Urea Content ◽  
Old Females

The influence of alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) on amino acid metabolism in the fruit fly was investigated. Dietary AKG did not affect body mass, urea content, activity of glutamate dehydrogenase, alanin- and aspartataminotransferase in two-day-old flies. Ttwo-day-old females, but not males, grown on 10 mM AKG, had higher levels of total protein and free amino acids. However, AKG led to an increase in total protein in 24-day-old flies of both sexes. Maintenance on AKG-containing medium reduced overall fecundity of flies.

scholarly journals The effect of meteorological conditions on the biochemical characteristics of sunflower seeds of the variety Skormas

2020 ◽  
Vol 183 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Yu.Yu. Pomorova ◽  
◽  
D.V. Beskorovainy ◽  
V.V. Pyatovsky ◽  
Yu.M. Serova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Sunflower Seeds

The seeds of early-ripening sunflower variety Skormas of the 2016-2018 years of cultivation became the material for the research. The article presents the results of oil content, total protein content, and analysis of amino acid composition. We conducted the research in the protein laboratory of the department of biological research of V.S. Pustovoit AllRussian Research Institute of Oil Crops. The protein content in the seeds of variety Skormas in different 40 growth seasons varied from 19.00 to 23.58 g, the coefficient of variation was C = 10.76 %. We established a strong inverse relation between oil content and protein content – r= -0.99. The meteorological conditions influenced the total protein content and oil content of the variety in different years of cultivation. Thus, with the hydrothermal coefficient (HC) equal to 1.2 in the growth season of 2016, the protein content in the seeds was 21.61 g, and with the HC equal to 0.6 of 2017, characterized as arid, it was 23.58 g. The protein content inversely correlates with the moisture supply of plants – r= -0.94. In years with insufficient soil moistening, sunflower seeds accumulate less oil and more protein. We identified the largest amount of the essential amino acids, 25.74 g/100g, in the seeds of variety Skormas, grown in 2018. The number of non-essential amino acids of 2016 and 2018 turned out to be nearly at the same level – 47.98 and 47.19 g/100g. Despite the differences in the total protein content, the amino acid composition of the seeds of the variety is fairly stable in the different growth seasons. The protein of seeds of the variety Skormas contains a large amount of glutamic acid – 16.46 g/100g and aspartic acid – 7.55 g/100g. In course of three years, their amount turned out to be stable. The coefficient of variation of these acids was С = 2.14 % and С = 2.40 %, respectively. The average content of the essential amino acid lysine for the same period was 2.42 g/100g with the coefficient of variation С = 12.14 %. The non-essential amino acids tyrosine and cysteine were at the level of 1.74 g/100g and 0.54 g/100g with the coefficient of variation С = 13.59 % and С = 16.32 %.

scholarly journals Analysis of Ratio-based Responses

2007 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy L. Righetti ◽  
David R. Sandrock ◽  
Bernadine Strik ◽  
Carmo Vasconcelos ◽  
Yerko Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
Almond Trees ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Total Amino Acids

It is not appropriate to compare ratio-based expressions for different cultivars or treatments if a plot of the denominator versus the numerator of a ratio-based expression has a nonzero y-intercept and the values for either the denominators or numerators differ with cultivars or treatments. Whenever nonzero y-intercepts are encountered, the value for a ratio-based expression will be dependent on both the denominator and numerator. The “ratio problem” is demonstrated with shoot N concentration in blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and amino acid accumulation in almonds [Prunis dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb]. Data were collected from the first and second growth flush of blueberry shoots on plants that were at two in-row spacings and two rates of N fertilizer. Free amino acid:total amino acid ratios were measured in dormant almond trees fertilized at different rates with and without foliar N supplements. Functions describing the relationship between dry weight and total N content in blueberry tissues have positive y-intercepts for both N fertilizer application rates. Functions describing the relationship between total amino acids and free amino acids in almond trees have a negative y-intercept. Differences attributable to fertilization rate in blueberries probably were the result of differences in N uptake and N utilization, but the effects of spacing and growth flush are indirect and can be accounted for by differences in dry weight. Likewise, effects of fertilization rate and foliar N supplement in almonds are indirect and can be accounted for by differences in the total amino acids in dormant trees. With regression one can determine if the relationship between the denominator and numerator differs for the groups or treatments being studied. When an analysis of covariance is used to account for differences in the denominators of ratio-based expressions, results are consistent with the regression analysis. When a conclusion is based on statistical differences of a ratio-based expression, it is the researcher's responsibility to determine whether these effects are direct or indirect.

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