A canker and foliage disease of yellow birch. II. Artificial infection studies with Diaporthe alleghaniensis

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1525-1540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Horner Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Natural Infection ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Artificial Infection ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

Disease symptoms found in nature on yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) infected by Diaporthe alleghaniensis R. H. Arnold, were induced by inoculation of seedlings and saplings with mycelium or conidia. On vigorously growing yellow birch plants, cankers, dead shoots, blackened necrotic petioles and mid-veins of leaves, and leaf spot developed during the inoculation year, and dieback occurred the next spring. Spore tendrils of the Phomopsis state of the pathogen were found on the most recently killed parts of the plants from May until early July. Initial symptoms were most severe on young tissues, and inoculation of shoots caused more damage to seedlings than inoculation of older tissues. The pathogen persisted in the host for several years without symptom expression, or in healed-over cankers. Initial symptoms were more severe on unshaded than on shaded seedlings, but shading increased the ultimate severity of the disease. Soil temperature and soil moisture did not influence artificial infection and subsequent development of the disease. There was evidence that the fungus produces a wilt-inducing agent. The disease was not found in nature on white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), but seedlings were infected artificially. The probable course and importance of natural infection of yellow birch is discussed.

Dynamique de la sapinière à bouleau jaune de l'est après une épidémie de tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette

1999 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Pominville ◽  
Stéphane Déry ◽  
Louis Bélanger
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
The Other ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
The Dead

An outbreak of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), occurred between 1974 and 1987, in Quebec, in the eastern balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill, - yellow birch, Betula alleghaniensis Britton, ecoclimatic sub-domain. The effect of this disruption has been assessed in mesic balsam fir stands killed during the outbreak, in mesic balsam fir stands partially damaged and in the following stands, also partially damaged: mesic yellow birch – balsam fir stands, mesic white birch, Betulapapyrifera Marsh., - balsam fir stands, mesic balsam fir – yellow birch stands, mesic balsam fir – white birch stands and xeric balsam fir stands. To that effect, surveys were led before, immediately after, and about five years after the outbreak in two blocks that have not been protected with insecticides. These blocks, located in Charlevoix and in Shipshaw management units, are second growth stands originating from clearcuts which occured about 50 years ago. Approximately five years after the outbreak, abundant coniferous regeneration was found everywhere except in the mesic yellow birch –balsam fir stand and in the dead mesic balsam fir stand, where softwood represented less than 50% of the regeneration. On the other hand, young softwood stems were located under the regeneration of white birch and of mountain maple, Acer spicatum Lam, in dead balsam fir stands, in balsam fir – white birch stands, as well as in living balsam fir stands and under mountain maple in yellow birch – balsam fir stands and in balsam fir – yellow birch stands. Our age structures indicate that softwood advance growth was relatively rare in these stands. Thus, during the opening of the canopy by the spruce budworm, intolerant hard-woods and shrubs invaded the still available microsites. In the dead balsam fir stands, stocking of the dominant hardwood regeneration stems is equivalent to that of softwood. Thus, dead balsam fir stands are turning to mixed stands. Xeric stands will remain softwood stands since they show luxuriant softwood regeneration dominating in height. In the other stands, we will have to wait the harvest period before we can adequately assess succession.

Crown deterioration and reduced growth associated with excessive seed production by birch

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 2431-2437 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Tree Crowns ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Mature Stands

In 1967 yellow birch, Betula alleghaniensis Britt., and white birch, B. papyrifera Marsh., developed extremely large seed crops in Ontario. Foliage was dwarfed or missing in the heavily seeded portions of tree crowns. Buds did not develop on the terminal portions of most branches, and in 1968 branches died back to the point where buds were available for growth. Terminal growth and diameter growth were reduced for both species in 1967, and terminal growth by yellow birch continued at a reduced rate in 1968. Terminal growth and bud production were inversely related to the amount of fruiting. Similar conditions prevailed on some yellow birch in 1970.Yellow birch was more seriously affected, and in most mature stands dieback averaged 20 to 50 cm. White birch was not affected to this extent; however, some trees in most mature stands suffered extensive dieback.

A New Species ofNepticulav. Heyd. on Birch (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae)

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 522-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
New Species ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Forest Insect ◽  
Insect Survey ◽  
A New Species

In 1957, some officers of the Forest Insect Survey of Canada discovered a species ofNepticulamining the leaves of white birch (Betula papyriferaMarsh.) and yellow birch (Betula luteaMichx. f.) in Ontario. At that time the species was considered to be undescribed, but to confirm this it was necessary to study the life-history. This has been done by Mr. O. H. Lindquist, Forest Insect Laboratory, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, and the results of his studies are being presented in a companion paper. His investigations confirmed that the species had not been named and the following description is presented.

Calcium and magnesium in wood of northern hardwood forest species: relations to site characteristics

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Arthur ◽  
T G Siccama ◽  
R D Yanai
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Hardwood Forest ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forest ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Northern Hardwood

Improving estimates of the nutrient content of boles in forest ecosystems requires more information on how the chemistry of wood varies with characteristics of the tree and site. We examined Ca and Mg concentrations in wood at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. Species examined were the dominant tree species of the northern hardwood forest and the spruce-fir forest. The concentrations of Ca and Mg, respectively, in lightwood of these species, mass weighted by elevation, were 661 and 145 µg/g for sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), 664 and 140 µg/g for American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), 515 and 93 µg/g for yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), 525 and 70 µg/g for red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), 555 and 118 µg/g for balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), and 393 and 101 µg/g for white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.). There were significant patterns in Ca and Mg concentrations with wood age. The size of the tree was not an important source of variation. Beech showed significantly greater concentrations of both Ca (30%) and Mg (33%) in trees growing in moist sites relative to drier sites; sugar maple and yellow birch were less sensitive to mesotopography. In addition to species differences in lightwood chemistry, Ca and Mg concentrations in wood decreased with increasing elevation, coinciding with a pattern of decreasing Ca and Mg in the forest floor. Differences in Ca and Mg concentration in lightwood accounted for by elevation ranged from 12 to 23% for Ca and 16 to 30% for Mg for the three northern hardwood species. At the ecosystem scale, the magnitude of the elevational effect on lightwood chemistry, weighted by species, amounts to 18% of lightwood Ca in the watershed and 24% of lightwood Mg but only 2% of aboveground biomass Ca and 7% of aboveground Mg.

Erannis tiliaria (Lepidoptere: Geometridae) males attracted to enantiomerically identical pheromone blend of Erannis defoliaria

2001 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor Szöcs ◽  
Imre S. Ötvös ◽  
Chris Sanders
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Flight Period ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
External Appearance ◽  
Erannis Defoliaria ◽  
Pheromone Blend

Erannis tiliaria Harr. and Erannis defoliaria Cl. are closely related species (Rindge 1975) that have similar external appearance and flight period. Erannis tiliaria occurs in North America, whereas E. defoliaria is confined to Europe. Erannis defoliaria occasionally damages oak, Quercus spp. L. (Fagaceae), and cheny, Prunus spp. L. (Rosaceae) (Reichart 1993). During its 1975 outbreak, E. tiliaria severely defoliated 200 000 ha of white and yellow birch, Betula alleghaniensis Britt. and Betula papyrifera Marsh. (Betulaceae), respectively (Howse et al. 1995).

Un diagramme pollinique au Mont des Éboulements, région de Charlevoix, Québec

1976 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Richard ◽  
Philippe Poulin
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Pollen Diagram ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Pollen Influx ◽  
Dwarf Birch

The history of vegetation has been registered in the sediments of lake Mimi since about 11 000 BP, The initial vegetation traced is a tundra which, under severe climatic conditions, lasted for about 1000 years. The herb tundra was progressively replaced by shrub tundra: a willow phase (Salix). followed by a dwarf birch phase (Betula cf. glandulosa) have been traced. These were followed by an afforestation phase characterized by an aspen community (Populus tremuloides) al about 10 000 BP. Spruce succeeded the aspen community, probably as an open black spruce (Picea mariana) community with some dwarf birch and green alder (Alnus crispa). An outstanding Alnus cf. crispa pollen peak (48%), supported by the annual pollen influx values, at the end of the spruce phase, could be interpreted as a return of colder climate that favored the expansion of this shrub over forest. This event would date about 9750 BP. An open fir (Abies balsamea) forest followed, and changed to the balsam fir – white birch (Betula papyrifera) forest (climax domain), which prevailed until now. The richer sites supported sugar maple (Acer saccharum) – yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) community and fir – yellow birch stands since 6200 BP. Six radiocarbon dates and annual pollen influx values are offered, and some ecological problems related to the interpretation of the pollen diagram are discussed.

Succession forestière après feu dans la sapinière à bouleau jaune du Bas-Saint-Laurent, Québec

1997 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 702-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Archambault ◽  
Jacques Morissette ◽  
Michèle Bernier-Cardou
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Vegetation Composition ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Hardwood Species

Forest successions following a forest fire that occurred in 1932 were studied on mesic sites of the boreal mixedwood forest of the Bas-Saint-Laurent region of Quebec, Canada. Physiographic, soil and vegetation data were collected in 28 ecosystems distributed on a topographic gradient. The vegetation composition of the main canopy, 64 years after the fire, varied according to topographic situation. The proportion of tolerant hardwood species (yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.)) increased toward upper slopes whereas it was the opposite for coniferous species (white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss), balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.)), as their proportion increased toward lower slopes. Intolerant hardwood species (white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)) were abundant in all ecosystems. The distribution pattern of regeneration density and stocking of tolerant hardwoods and conifers was similar to that of the main canopy. The majority of commercial species, including tolerant species, established rapidly after the fire. Only eastern white cedar (Thuya occidentalis L.), which is a species typical of late succession, did not grow back. Ten years after the fire, 78% of the sampled dominant trees were established. Competition caused by mountain maple (Acer spicatum Lam.) did not seem to be as important after fire compared with the situation after clearcutting. Results showed that after the elimination of intolerant species, the vegetation composition should evolve toward the potential vegetation (climax) of the toposequence, that is, the sugar maple - yellow birch type on upper slopes, the balsam fir - yellow birch type on midslopes and the balsam fir - yellow birch - cedar type on lower slopes. Key words: succession, fire, yellow birch, balsam fir, mountain maple.

Sap yields, sugar content, and soluble carbohydrates of saps and syrups of some Canadian birch and maple species

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. C. Jones ◽  
I. Alli
Keyword(s):  
Sap Flow ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Total Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Maple Sap

During the spring of 1984 and 1985, white birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh), sweet birch (B. lenta L), and yellow birch (B. alleghaniensis Britt.) were tapped to determine sap yields and syrup characteristics. These properties were compared with sap yields and syrup produced from sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh) and red maple (A. rubrum L). The sap flow seasons were as follows: white birch, 23 days (April 7–29, 1984) and 29 days (April 5 – May 3, 1985); sweet birch, 26 days (1984); yellow birch, 25 days (1985). The sap flow season for the maple species was much earlier than the birch species. Maple sap flow seasons were as follows: sugar maple, 16 days (March 28 – April 12, 1984) and 45 days (March 10 – April 23, 1985); red maple, 44 days (March 11 – April 23, 1985). Sap yields were as follows: white birch, 80.5 L in 1984 (1.0% sap) 51.0 L in 1985 (1.0% sap); sweet birch, 48.0 L in 1984 (0.5% sap); yellow birch, 28.4 L in 1985 (0.5% sap); red maple, 30.6 L in 1985 (2.3% sap); sugar maple, 53.5 L in 1985 (4.5% sap). Sap analyses showed the average total carbohydrate content of all birch saps and all maple saps was 9.2 and 24.5 g/L, respectively. The average sugar contents of the syrups from the birch saps and the maple saps were 302 and 711 g/L, respectively. The average pH of birch and maple saps were similar but the average pH of the syrups obtained from the birch saps was substantially lower than that of the syrups obtained from the maple saps.

Rare forest types in northeastern Ontario: a classification and analysis of representation in protected areas

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Drever ◽  
James Snider ◽  
Mark C. Drever
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Habitat Specificity ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
Eastern White Cedar

Our objective was to assess the relative rarity and representation within protected areas of Standard Forest Units (SFUs) in northeastern Ontario by applying the concepts of geographic range, habitat specificity, and local population size. SFUs are stand type classifications, routinely employed by forest managers, based on tree composition, disturbance history, and prescribed silvicultural system. We identified several SFUs as rare because of a narrow distribution, association with only one landform type, or lack of at least one stand larger than an ecoregion-specific threshold. In the Boreal forest, rare SFUs comprised stands dominated by eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière), red oak ( Quercus rubra L.), yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), or eastern white-cedar ( Thuja occidentalis L.). Rare SFUs also included eastern white pine ( Pinus strobus L.) and (or) red pine ( Pinus resinosa Ait.) leading stands managed by shelterwood or seed tree silviculture as well as low-lying deciduous stands and selection-managed stands of shade-tolerant species. In the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence forest, rare SFUs were yellow birch stands, stands dominated by conifer species abundant in the Boreal, and shelterwood-managed hardwood stands. Several rare SFUs had <12% of their total area in protection, i.e., stands dominated by eastern white pine, yellow birch, eastern white pine – red oak, or eastern white-cedar. These rare stand types require increased protection in reserves and tailored silvicultural practices to maintain their probability of persistence.

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