Mechanisms of pathogenesis in Sclerotium bataticola on sunflowers. II. Pectolytic and cellulolytic enzyme production in vitro and in vivo

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1073-1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Ho Chan ◽  
W. E. Sackston
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Pectin Methylesterase ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzyme ◽  
Culture Filtrates ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Host Tissues

Pectin methylesterase (PME), endopolygalacturonase (Endo-PG), exopolygalacturonase (Exo-PG), pectin trans-eliminase (PTE), polygalacturonase trans-eliminase (PGTE), cellulase, and cellobiase activities were investigated in culture filtrates of Sclerotium bataticola, and in extracts of inoculated and uninoculated sunflower stems. All of the enzymes except PTE were produced in culture filtrates of the pathogen and in diseased host tissues. Only PME was detected in healthy control plants.

scholarly journals Biochemistry of postharvest spoilage of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.). 2. Comparison of cellulolytic enzyme production in cultures and fungi-infected sweet potato tubers

2006 ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
R. C. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Rhizopus Oryzae ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzyme ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Potato Tubers

The study was conducted to determine the production in vitro and in vivo of cellulases by Botrydiplodia theobromae and Rhizopus oryzae. Isolates of these organisms were obtained from the postharvest decay of sweetpotato tubers. Results revealed that B. theobrornae and R. oryzae which were isolated from postharvest spoilage of sweetpotato tubers produced endo-13-1,4-glucanase and exo-V-1 ,4-glucanase in culture and in fungi-infected tissues of sweetpotato tubers. The optimum temperature and pH for cellulose synthesis and activity were 30°C and pH 6.5, respectively.

scholarly journals Shortened platelet half-life in multiple myeloma

Blood ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 514-520
Author(s):  
E Fritz ◽  
H Ludwig ◽  
W Scheithauer ◽  
H Sinzinger
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Platelet Factor ◽  
Healthy Control

Various defects in platelet function have been reported as being associated with multiple myeloma. In 30 myeloma patients and 15 healthy controls, we investigated platelet survival using in vitro labeling of autologous platelets with 111indium-oxine and measuring the in vivo kinetics of the radioisotope. Significantly shortened platelet half- life in patients averaged 73 hours, while platelet half-life in the healthy controls averaged 107 hours. In myeloma patients, serum levels of thromboxane B2, beta-thromboglobulin, and platelet factor 4 were significantly elevated; aggregation indices were within the pathological range; platelet counts and spleen-liver indices, however, were comparable to those of the healthy control group. No statistical correlation was found between platelet half-life and paraprotein concentrations. Our findings suggest an initial--so far unexplained-- intravascular process of platelet activation and consumption that finally manifests in shortened platelet half-life. It seems that overt thrombocytopenia develops only when the compensatory capacity of the bone marrow finally becomes exhausted. Further studies should be able to elucidate the pathophysiologic processes involved.

Human chorionic gonadotropin improves endometrial receptivity by increasing the expression of homeobox A10

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 413-424
Author(s):  
Mengchen Zhu ◽  
Shanling Yi ◽  
Xiaomin Huang ◽  
Junan Meng ◽  
Haixiang Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Embryo Implantation ◽  
Endometrial Receptivity ◽  
Endometrial Stromal Cells ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Hcg Receptor ◽  
Methyltransferase 1

Abstract Homeobox A10 (HOXA10) is a characterized marker of endometrial receptivity. The mechanism by which hCG intrauterine infusion promotes embryo implantation is still unclear. This study seeks to investigate whether hCG improves endometrial receptivity by increasing expression of HOXA10. HOXA10 expression with human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation was analyzed in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that HOXA10 was decreased in the endometria of recurrent implantation failure patients compared to that in the healthy control fertile group, also we observed that hCG intrauterine infusion increased endometrial HOXA10 expression. HOXA10, blastocyst-like spheroid expansion area was increased, whereas DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 1 was decreased when human endometrial stromal cells (hESCs) were treated with 0.2 IU/ml of hCG for 48 h. HOXA10 promoter methylation was also reduced after hCG treatment. Collagen XV (ColXV) can repress the expression of DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 1, and hCG treatment increased the expression of ColXV. However, when the hESCs were treated with LH/hCG receptor small interfering RNA to knock down LH/hCG receptor, hCG treatment failed to repress DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 1 expression or to increase ColXV expression. Our findings suggest that hCG may promote embryo implantation by increasing the expression of HOXA10.

scholarly journals A Higher Frequency Administration of the Nontoxic Cycloartane-Type Triterpene Argentatin A Improved Its Anti-Tumor Activity

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaira Tavarez-Santamaría ◽  
Nadia J. Jacobo-Herrera ◽  
Leticia Rocha-Zavaleta ◽  
Alejandro Zentella-Dehesa ◽  
Beatriz del Carmen Couder-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Product ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Annexin V ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Hct 116 ◽  
Hct 116 Cells ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

Parthenium argentatum (Gray), commonly known as guayule, has been used to obtain natural rubber since the beginning of the 20th century. Additionally, the so called “resin” is a waste product derived from the industrial process. The cycloartane-type triterpene Argentatin A (AA) is one of the main constituents of the industrial waste resin. In this study we evaluated the AA anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo in the HCT116 colon cancer cells. The apoptosis promotion of AA was assessed by the annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) assay. The senescence was evaluated for SA-β-galactosidase, and PCNA was used as a marker of proliferation. Its antitumor activity was evaluated using a xenograft mouse model. The results indicated that AA-induced apoptosis in HCT-116 cells and was positively stained for SA-β-galactosidase. In the xenografted mice test, the administration of AA at the dose of 250 mg/kg three times a week for 21 days reduced tumor growth by 78.1%. A comparable tumor reduction was achieved with cisplatin at the dose of 2 mg/kg administered three times a week for 21 days. However, nude mice treated with AA did not lose weight, as they did remarkably when treated with cisplatin. Furthermore, the animals treated with AA showed similar blood profiles as the healthy control group. These data indicate the low toxicity of AA compared to that shown by cisplatin.

Effect of Oral Digoxin, Topical Ouabain and Salbutamol on Transepithelial Nasal Potential Difference in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

1995 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Peckham ◽  
A. Conn ◽  
C. Chotai ◽  
S. Lewis ◽  
A. J. Knox
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Potential Difference ◽  
Sodium Absorption ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Nasal Potential Difference

1. Airway epithelium in cystic fibrosis is characterized by a defect in chloride secretion across the apical membrane and an increase in sodium absorption. The increased rate of sodium absorption can be inhibited in vitro by ouabain, a Na+-K+-ATPase inhibitor, and in cystic fibrosis patients the number and activity of nasal epithelial Na+-K+-ATPase pumps is increased. 2. We have performed a series of studies to determine whether drugs which modify airway epithelial Na+-K+-ATPase activity in vitro can modify nasal potential in cystic fibrosis patients in vivo. As transepithelial nasal potential difference measurements were used to study the effect of drug modulation of airway epithelial ion transport in vivo, the repeatability of the technique was first evaluated. In order to assess the effectiveness of the technique used for measuring nasal potential difference, a pilot study was carried out using topical amiloride, a drug which has previously been shown to inhibit airway epithelium sodium transport in vivo. We then studied the effects of ouabain and digoxin, two inhibitors of Na+-K+-ATPase, and salbutamol, a drug which activates Na+-K+-ATPase, on nasal potential difference. 3. In study 1, nasal potential difference measurements were repeated on non-consecutive days in 20 patients with cystic fibrosis and 20 healthy individuals. Healthy subjects had a mean (SEM) potential difference value of −19.5 (0.9) mV, with a 95% range for a single estimate of 75–133%. In patients with cystic fibrosis, the mean (SEM) potential difference was −40.4 (2.1) mV, with a 95% range for a single estimate of 74–136%. 4. In an initial pilot study, the effect of topical amiloride on nasal potential difference was investigated on two consecutive days in four cystic fibrosis patients and four healthy control subjects, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized cross-over study. Nasal transepithelial potential was measured before and at 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after the intranasal administration of 0.4 ml of a fine spray of 1 mmol/l amiloride or 0.9% saline placebo to both nostrils. Amiloride was associated with a maximal reduction in nasal potential difference at 15 min of 49% and 41% in cystic fibrosis patients and control subjects, respectively. Compared with saline, the amiloride response was significant in both groups (P < 0.025). 5. In study 2, the effect of topical ouabain and salbutamol on nasal potential difference was investigated in ten cystic fibrosis patients and ten healthy control subjects, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized cross-over study. Nasal transepithelial potential was measured before and at 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after the intranasal administration of either 0.4 ml of a fine spray of 5 mg/ml salbutamol, 0.25 mg/ml ouabain or 0.9% saline placebo to both nostrils. There was no significant change in nasal potential difference with either ouabain, salbutamol or placebo in either healthy control subjects or patients with cystic fibrosis. 6. In study 3, we performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study of oral digoxin on nasal potential difference, spirometry and sweat electrolytes for 2 weeks in 11 patients with cystic fibrosis. During the treatment period, patients had a mean (range) serum digoxin level after the first and second week of therapy of 0.9 (0.3–1.4) μg/l and 1.1 (0.4–2.2) μg/l, respectively. There was no significant difference in the change in nasal potential difference measurements, forced expiratory volume in 1 s and sweat Na/Cl concentrations between the digoxin and placebo trial periods. 7. In conclusion, neither topical ouabain nor systemic digoxin had any effect on nasal potential difference in cystic fibrosis. Inhibitors of Na+-K+-ATPase are therefore unlikely to find a role in the treatment of cystic fibrosis. The lack of a detrimental effect of salbutamol on nasal potential difference is reassuring, as β-agonists are widely used in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Variations and correlations within and between morphology, pathogenicity, and pectolytic enzyme activity in Sclerotinia from Saskatchewan

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 767-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. A. Morrall ◽  
L. J. Duczek ◽  
J. W. Sheard
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Pectin Methylesterase ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Discrete Groups ◽  
Pectolytic Enzymes ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Pectolytic Enzyme

One hundred and fourteen isolates of Sclerotinia from 23 different hosts in many parts of Saskatchewan were grouped, according to their morphology, on minimal medium. Two types of seedling pathogenicity tests on six host species were conducted on at least one isolate from each morphological group and one from each host species. A total of 38 isolates was tested. Assays for pectolytic enzyme activities of the same 38 isolates were done using a defined medium, and Swede turnip and carrot tissue as substrates. Polygalacturonase, pectin transeliminase, and pectin methylesterase were all tested. The results showed that an endopolygalacturonase was probably the most prevalent enzyme. Some isolates also produced exopolygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase, but pectin transeliminase was never detected. There was no correlation between pathogenicity of the isolates and their enzyme activities in vitro or in vivo, suggesting that pectolytic enzymes are not responsible alone for pathogenicity. Agglomerative classification was used to demonstrate relationships between the isolates. However, the isolates did not fall into discrete groups based on morphological, pathological, physiological, or even combined characteristics. Neither were there clear host or geographic associations. This continuous variation rather than a segregated population is consistent with Purdy's "broader concept of the species S. sclerotiorum."

In vitro and in vivo interactions between Erwinia amylovora and related saprophytic bacteria

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Erskine ◽  
L. E. Lopatecki
Keyword(s):  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
The Status ◽  
Highly Virulent ◽  
Host Tissues

Under carefully controlled laboratory conditions, a highly virulent strain of Erwinia amylovora coinhabited susceptible host tissues with a yellow saprophytic bacterium, which was invariably isolated from fire blight infected trees, with or without producing symptoms of the disease depending on the status of a number of environmental factors, both climatic and physiological. In particular, variation of temperature and sucrose concentration determined, independently, the equilibrium of a readily reversible alternation of predominance of the two bacteria.It is suggested that E. amylovora may sometimes exist as an avirulent resident on the surface or within healthy host plants when environmental conditions favor growth of the yellow saprophyte rather than the pathogen. Such conditions, which are more likely to be obtained in midsummer and the fall, include temperature fall or rise below or above the optimum for E. amylovora, decreased humidity or diminution of sap flow, and increased sugar content in the host tissues.

Quiescent and activated mouse granulocytes do not express granzyme A and B or perforin: similarities or differences with human polymorphonuclear leukocytes?

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (8) ◽  
pp. 2871-2878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Praxedis Martin ◽  
Reinhard Wallich ◽  
Julian Pardo ◽  
Arno Müllbacher ◽  
Markus Munder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Human Neutrophils ◽  
Enzymatic Assays ◽  
Effector Functions ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Cytotoxic Effector

AbstractPolymorphonuclear leukocytes have been shown to use a multitude of effector functions to combat pathogens and tumors, including enzymes, defensins, and toxic products such as oxygen radicals and nitrogen oxides. Recent studies provided evidence for the expression of granzymes (gzms) and perforin (perf) within the cytotoxic arsenal of human neutrophils, the validity of which was questioned by 2 subsequent studies. We have now used cytology, intracellular flow cytometry, enzymatic assays, immunoelectron microscopy, and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to obtain evidence of the presence of gzms and/or perf in mouse Gr-1+ granulocyte populations. The data obtained clearly demonstrate that neither in vitro- nor in vivo-derived mouse granulocytes synthesize gzmA and gzmB or perf, even following infection/immunization with pathogens or pathogen-derived material. A parallel comparable analysis on the expression of gzmB in human neutrophils from 3 healthy control subjects and 4 patients with diverse diseases failed to detect gzmB expression. The data indicate that polymorphonuclear leukocytes from mice and humans lack the 3 cytotoxic effector molecules, gzmA, gzmB, and perf, generally associated with natural killer and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. (Blood. 2005;106:2871-2878)

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