Chlorosis of planted Engelmann spruce seedlings unrelated to nitrogen content

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 851-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Ronco
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Normal Green ◽  
Growing Conditions

Shade-tolerant Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry) seedlings generally became chlorotic when exposed to direct sunlight under several different growing conditions, whether grown in pots, in plantations, or in transplant beds at high or low elevations. Shaded seedlings under the same growing conditions remained a normal green color. Chlorosis was attributed to solarization, not to nitrogen deficiency. That conclusion was supported by the fact that the nitrogen content of shaded and unshaded seedlings was similar regardless of the growing conditions.

Comparison of Terpene Composition in Engelmann Spruce (Picea engelmannii) Using Hydrodistillation, SPME and PLE

2004 ◽  
Vol 59 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 641-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Mardarowicz ◽  
Dorota Wianowska ◽  
Andrzej L. Dawidowicz ◽  
Ryszard Sawicki
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Pressurised Liquid Extraction ◽  
Conifer Trees ◽  
Spruce Needles

Abstract Terpenes emitted by conifer trees are generally determined by analysing plant extracts or essential oils, prepared from foliage and cones using steam distillation. The application of these procedures limits experiments to cut plant materials. Recently headspace techniques have been adopted to examine terpene emission by living plants. This paper deals with the application of solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) for the analysis of terpenes emitted by conifers foliage of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), including its seedlings. The compositions of SPME extracts obtained for destroyed and non-destroyed old and juvenile spruce needles were compared with the compositions of essential oils and pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) extracts corresponding to the same plant materials. No substantial differences have been found in the qualitative terpene composition estimated by analysing essential oil and PLE and SPME extracts from non-destroyed old and juvenile foliage. The disintegration of spruce needles results in the formation of a significant amount of myrcene in the case of the old conifer foliage and non-terpenoic compounds in the case of juvenile conifer foliage. This phenomenon can be attributed to enzymatic reactions occurring in the destroyed plant cells.

Factors influencing understory seedling establishment of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) in southeast Wyoming

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 2753-2761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan K. Knapp ◽  
William K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Northern Rocky Mountains ◽  
Medicine Bow Mountains ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Surface Drying

Although seedlings of Abies lasiocarpa are generally more abundant than those of Picea engelmannii in the understory of mature spruce–fir forests throughout the central and northern Rocky Mountains, little information exists concerning environmental or plant factors that may influence the establishment of these two conifers. Field measurements in the Medicine Bow Mountains of southeast Wyoming showed that seedlings of A. lasiocarpa had greater photosynthetic rates at low understory light levels and required lower levels of incident radiation for saturation of photosynthesis compared with those of P. engelmannii. However, both conifers occurred in understory locations where total daily solar radiation was equally low (<2 MJ∙m−2∙day−1) and thus, a lack of light did not appear to be responsible for the low number of P. engelmannii seedlings in the understory. In contrast, seedlings of P. engelmannii were substantially more abundant at locations with thinner litter layers compared with those of A. lasiocarpa. Also, laboratory studies showed that the smaller seeds of P. engelmannii germinated more rapidly and at lower temperatures than seeds of A. lasiocarpa although growth of tap roots on A. lasiocarpa seedlings was greater initially ([Formula: see text] longer in 2-week-old seedlings) as well as for 10-week-old seedlings (50% longer). The deeper penetrating tap root of A. lasiocarpa seedlings may enable this conifer to establish more abundantly on thick, rapidly drying litter layers that are characteristic of mature spruce–fir forests. In contrast, establishment of P. engelmannii seedlings may be limited to microsites without a thick litter layer such as disturbed areas or decomposing wood, where surface drying may occur more gradually throughout the summer. These results are discussed in terms of the potential effects of seedling establishment on the observed patterns in climax vegetation of central and northern Rocky Mountain subalpine forests.

scholarly journals Evaluasi kesesuaian jenis dan penataan tanaman pada lansekap jalan di Jalan Dharma Giri Gianyar

2020 ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Ida Bagus Krisnayana ◽  
Ni Wayan Febriana Utami ◽  
Ida Ayu Mayun
Keyword(s):  
Open Space ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Median Part ◽  
Plant Maintenance ◽  
Principles Of Design ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
And Function ◽  
Selection Of

Street infrastructure is now equipped with various kinds of plant elements that known as streetscape, so the existence of the street is not monotonous. Beside the landscape of the street also has a function as a medium for green open space. Therefore, the selection of plant species and arrangement of plants in streetscape must be in accordance with the criteria of plant morphology of the streetscape. Evaluation was carried out based on the problems that occur in the suitability of species and arrangement of plants in the landscape of the street. The purpose of this study was to determine the existing conditions found on the streetscape on the Dharma Giri and to determine the suitability of species and arrangement of plants as a streetscape plant. The method used in this research was field survey with a qualitative approach. The results showed that the general condition of the vegetation and plant selection in Dharma Giri streetscape was almost in accordance with the growing conditions needed by the plants. It conditions generally grow well. Mostly the plants were planted in the median part of the street and also in both side of the street which was also able to adapt with direct sunlight exposure and was not require high intensity of watering. It was also observed from the aspect of arrangement using the approach of the three principles of design which includes themes, rhythm, and balance. However, the plant maintenance activities needs to be improved so it possibly maintained  the esthetics and function of the streetscape.

Effects of Storage, Planting Date, and Shelter on Engelmann Spruce Containerized Seedlings in the Central Rockies

1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D. Roberts ◽  
James N. Long
Keyword(s):  
Planting Date ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Containerized Seedlings ◽  
Storage Methods ◽  
Survival Of Seedlings

Abstract Containerized Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) seedlings were treated with different nursery storage methods, planting dates, and amounts of overstory shelter after planting. Third-year survival of seedlings stored in refrigeration did not differ from that of seedlings maintained in a lathhouse prior to planting. Survival of seedlings planted in mid-June was about 70% compared to 48% for seedlings planted in late July. Survival was only 52% within strip shelterwood units and more than 72% in the more protected environment of uniform shelterwood units. Seedlings within strip shelterwood units were slightly taller after 3 years than those under a uniform shelterwood. West. J. Appl. For. 6(2):36-38.

Evaluations of Bole Injections for Protecting Engelmann Spruce from Mortality Attributed to Spruce Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Intermountain West

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-309
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Fettig ◽  
A. Steven Munson ◽  
Donald M. Grosman ◽  
Darren C. Blackford
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Emamectin Benzoate ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Spruce Beetle

Abstract Bark beetles are important disturbance agents in coniferous forests, and spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is one of the more notable species causing landscape-level tree mortality in western North America. We evaluated the efficacy of bole injections of emamectin benzoate (TREE-äge®; Arborjet Inc., Woburn, MA) alone and combined with propiconazole (Alamo®; Syngenta Crop Protection Inc., Wilmington, DE) for protecting Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelmann (Pinales: Pinaceae), from mortality attributed to colonization by D. rufipennis. Two injection periods in 2013 (the spring and fall of the year prior to trees first being challenged by D. rufipennis in 2014) and distributions of injection points (7.6- and 15.2-cm spacings) were evaluated. Tree mortality was monitored over a 3-yr period (2014–2017). Emamectin benzoate injected in spring at a narrow spacing (7.6 cm) was the only effective treatment. Two (but not three) field seasons of protection can be expected with a single injection of this treatment. We discuss the implications of these and other results regarding the use of emamectin benzoate and propiconazole for protecting western conifers from mortality attributed to bark beetles, and provide suggestions for future research. A table summarizing the appropriate timing of treatments in different bark beetle/host systems is provided.

Taxonomy and origin of present-day morphometric variation in Picea glauca (×engelmannii) seed-cone scales in North America

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 1129-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.L Strong ◽  
L.V. Hills
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Black Hills ◽  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Morphometric Variation ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Northern United States ◽  
Cone Scale

White spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and Engelmann spruce ( Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) seed-cones from 676 sites in Canada and the northern United States were analyzed to determine the degree and spatial extent of interspecific hybridization. Fifteen cone-scale variables were analyzed, with percent free-scale and scale shape considered best for differentiating these taxa. The results show that putative Engelmann spruce and their hybrids occur mostly in the vicinity of the Rocky Mountains. Putative white spruce occurs across Canada east of the Rocky Mountains, whereas white × Engelmann hybrids occur eastward to Manitoba and northward to 68° latitude in northwest Canada. To explain the occurrence of the latter taxon hundreds of kilometres from an Engelmann spruce pollen source, it is hypothesized that palaeohybridization occurred during the Wisconsinan glacial period, probably in the southern Montana – Wyoming – Black Hills (South Dakota) region, with the resulting hybrids spreading north and northeastward into interior Canada following the retreat of the Laurentide glacier. White and Engelmann spruce have morphologically distinct cone-scales, whereas their hybrids have intermediate characteristics. An emended species ( Picea albertiana ) and two subspecies (P. albertiana subsp. albertiana and P. albertiana subsp. ogilviei) are proposed to account for morphological intermediates between the parent species.

Seasonal changes in the nitrogen content of three warm-climate pasture grasses

1964 ◽  
Vol 4 (15) ◽  
pp. 336 ◽  
Author(s):  
EF Henzell ◽  
DJ Oxenham
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Warm Climate ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments

The nitrogen content of three pasture grasses was measured under irrigation at Samford, south-east Queensland, during the period February-September 1962. The grasses were Paspalum plicatulum, Sefaria sphacelata, and Chloris gayana. Two nitrogen treatments were used-nil, and a high rate. The high rate comprised frequent nitrogen fertilizer dressings in amounts chosen to match the shape of the plant growth curve. Addition of nitrogen fertilizer caused a marked increase in the nitrogen content of all parts of the plant and maintained a higher nitrogen content in mature grass samples. Flowering had relatively less effect on the nitrogen content of the grasses than nitrogen supply. Frost had very little effect on the nitrogen content of these grasses. It is suggested that warm-climate pasture grasses generally are subjected to a greater degree of nitrogen deficiency than their temperate counterparts, and that this accounts, at least in part, for their comparatively low nitrogen content. In the nil nitrogen treatment, Setaria sphacelata and Chloris gayana consistently exhibited a higher nitrogen content than Paspalum plicatulum. The differences were greatest in the leaf blades and least in the stems. The relative influences of nitrogen supply and stage of development on the nitrogen content of pasture grasses are discussed.

scholarly journals The Content Of Chlorophyll And Nutrients In Apple Leaves Depending On Long-Term Fertiliser

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Roman Yakovenko ◽  
Petro Kopytko ◽  
Vadym Pelekhatyi
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Vital Activity ◽  
Optimal Range ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Growing Conditions

An indicator of the condition of plants, depending on the growing conditions, is the state of their leaf apparatus, which is described by the content of chlorophyll and nutrients in the leaf. The leaf of an apple-tree provides synthesis of organic substances, productivity of fruit trees depends on features of its vital activity. As a method of diagnosing the mineral nutrition of fruit crops, the chemical analysis of the leaves is important, the indicators of which reflect the levels of plant nutrients. The results of studies of chlorophyll content and nutrients in the leaves of apple trees of Calville Blanc d'hiver on seed and Idared on seed and vegetative M4 rootstocks in re-grown plantations on mineral nutrition, created by long-term (over 86 years) application of various systems of comfort podzolized soil. Longterm use of organic and organo-mineral fertiliser systems contributed to an increase in chlorophyll content (a+b) in the leaves of Idared apple trees on seed and clone M4 rootstocks and Calville Blanc d'hiver on seed rootstock at different age periods of growth and fructification, which conditioned their further productivity. The content of macronutrients in the leaves of the studied cultivar combinations depended on the age of plantations and fertiliser options. In the most productive period of fructification in the leaves of Idared trees on seed and vegetative rootstocks, the nitrogen content in the areas of fertiliser options was within optimal limits. Among the studied rootstocks in the variant without fertilisers, the highest nitrogen content in the leaves was described by trees on the seed rootstock. In the leaf of the Calville Blanc d'hiver variety, the nitrogen content on the seed rootstocks in the studied variants was within the optimal range, and among the fertiliser variants the highest was for the application of mineral fertilisers. The content of phosphorus and potassium in the leaves of the trees of the studied rootstock combinations in the areas of fertiliser variants was within optimal limits

scholarly journals Advances in Semiochemical Repellents to Mitigate Host Mortality From the Spruce Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2253-2261 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Matthew Hansen ◽  
A Steven Munson ◽  
David Wakarchuk ◽  
Darren C Blackford ◽  
Andrew D Graves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Engelmannii ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Southern Rocky Mountains ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Tree Protection ◽  
Spruce Beetle

AbstractWe tested 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (MCH) and novel semiochemicals as potential spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) repellents over multiple years in Utah and Colorado trapping bioassays. MCH is a known spruce beetle repellent and our testing revealed Acer kairomone blend (AKB) and isophorone plus sulcatone as repellents. We subsequently tested these semiochemicals for area and single tree protection to prevent spruce beetle attacks at locations in Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico, and Alaska. Individual tree protection trials found MCH–AKB provided significant protection against spruce beetle attacks in the southern Rocky Mountains but not in Alaska. Adding sulcatone or doubling MCH–AKB pouches did not further enhance protection. A degree of protection was extended to spruce at least 10 m distant from the repellents, including in Alaska. Tree diameter was not a significant covariate among treated trees but was positively correlated with the probability of infestation for surrounding spruce. In area protection trials, spruce in control plots were 2.4 times more likely to be in a higher severity attack class compared with spruce in plots treated with MCH–AKB pouches deployed at 30 sets per hectare. Tree diameter had a significant, positive relationship to the probability of infestation. We found MCH–AKB to offer a high degree of protection against beetle attack in Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) (Pinales: Pinaceae) (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) (Pinales: Pinaceae), especially for single tree protection (66% of control trees were strip- or mass-attacked compared with 6% of repellent-treated trees). AKB requires registration and labeling, however, before this economical and environmentally benign semiochemical can be used operationally.

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