Distribution of Phytophthora and Pythium species in soils in the Continental United States

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floyd F. Hendrix, Jr. ◽  
W. A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Pythium Species ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Trapping Method ◽  
Heterothallic Species

The Pythium flora of 2132 soil samples from all sections of the United States was determined using an apple trapping method and two selective media. Isolates of the P. irregulare – P. debaryanum complex were obtained from 90% of the samples, and made up 55% of the 10 566 isolates examined. Isolates referable to the P. dissotocum – P. perniciosum complex, P. spinosum, P. splendens, P. ultimum, P. vexans, and heterothallic forms including P. sylvaticum, P. heterothallicum, and P. intermedium were obtained from 5 to 15% of the samples. Pythium afertile, P. aphanidermatum, P. dissotocum – P. perniciosum, P. irregulare – P. debaryanum, P. spinosum, P. torulosum, P. ultimum, and the heterothallic species were found in soil samples from 60% or more of the sections of the country sampled. The following species were isolated infrequently: P. acanthicum – P. oligandrum complex, P. catenulatum, P. helicoides – P. oedochilum complex, P. mamillatum, P. middletoni, P. myriotylum, P. paroecandrum, P. periplocum, P. prolatum, P. pulchrum, P. rostratum, P. vexans, Phytophthora cinnamomi, and P. parasitica.

scholarly journals Morphological and Phylogenetic Resolution of Diplodia corticola and D. quercivora, Emerging Canker Pathogens of Oak (Quercus spp.), in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savannah L. Ferreira ◽  
Cameron M Stauder ◽  
Danielle Martin ◽  
Matthew T. Kasson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
West Virginia ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Family Members ◽  
The United States ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Quercus Spp ◽  
Canker Pathogens ◽  
The U.S

In Mediterranean Europe and the United States, oak species (Quercus spp.) have been in various states of decline for the past several decades. Several insect pests and pathogens contribute to this decline to varying degrees including Phytophthora cinnamomi, Armillaria spp., various insect defoliators, and additionally in the U.S., the oak wilt pathogen, Bretziella fagacearum. More recently, two emerging canker pathogens, Diplodia corticola (Dc) and Diplodia quercivora (Dq) have been implicated in causing dieback and mortality of oak species in Europe and in several regions in the United States. In 2019, a fungal survey was conducted in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Eastern U.S., including Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia to determine the range and impact of Dc and Dq on forest health within the U.S. A total of 563 oak trees between red and white oak family members were evaluated across 33 forests spanning 18 counties. A total of 32 Diplodia isolates encompassing three Diplodia spp. were recovered from 5,335 total plugs collected from the 13 of 18 sampled counties. Recovered Diplodia species included Dc, Dq, and D. sapinea (Ds), as well as Botryosphaeria dothidea (Bd), a closely related canker pathogen in the Botryosphaeriaceae. Both Dc and Ds were recovered from red and white oak family members, whereas Dq was exclusive to white oak family members and Bd to red oak family members. Of these species, Dc was most frequently isolated followed by Dq, Ds, and Bd. Overall, mortality was relatively low across all sampled counties, indicating that these fungi, at the levels that were detected, are not widely inciting oak decline across the region, but more likely are acting opportunistically when the environment is conducive for disease. In an attempt to better understand the relationships among Dc and potentially their geographic origin(s), a multi-gene phylogenetic study and corresponding morphological study were conducted. A total of 49 Diplodia isolates from Spain, France, Italy, and the U.S. were assessed. Across all isolates and geographic regions, Dc formed a strongly supported monophyletic clade sister to Dq and included two strongly supported subclades, one that included isolates from Spain and California and a second that included isolates from Italy, Maryland, and West Virginia. Both subclades also exhibited overlapping spore measurements. These results support Dc as a cosmopolitan pathogen, native to both Europe and the U.S. with the possibility of secondary introductions.

scholarly journals Morphological and Phylogenetic Resolution of Diplodia corticola and D. quercivora, Emerging Canker Pathogens of Oak (Quercus spp.), in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savannah L. Ferreira ◽  
Cameron M. Stauder ◽  
Danielle K.H. Martin ◽  
Matt T. Kasson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
West Virginia ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
The United States ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Canker Pathogens ◽  
The U.S

AbstractIn Mediterranean Europe and the United States, oak species (Quercus spp.) have been in various states of decline for the past several decades. Several insect pests and pathogens contribute to this decline to varying degrees including Phytophthora cinnamomi, Armillaria spp., various insect defoliators, and additionally in the U.S., the oak wilt pathogen, Bretziella fagacearum. More recently, two emerging canker pathogens, Diplodia corticola (Dc) and Diplodia quercivora (Dq) have been implicated in causing dieback and mortality of oak species in Europe and in several regions in the United States. In 2019, a fungal survey was conducted in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Eastern U.S., including Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia to determine the range and impact of Dc and Dq on forest health within the U.S. A total of 563 oak trees between red and white oak family members were evaluated across 33 forests spanning 18 counties. A total of 32 Diplodia isolates encompassing three Diplodia spp. were recovered from 5,335 total plugs collected from the 13 of 18 sampled counties. Recovered Diplodia species included Dc, Dq, and D. sapinea (Ds), as well as Botryosphaeria dothidea (Bd), a closely related canker pathogen in the Botryosphaeriaceae. Both Dc and Ds were recovered from red and white oak family members, whereas Dq was exclusive to white oak family members and Bd to red oak family members. Of these species, Dc was most frequently isolated followed by Dq, Ds, and Bd. Overall, mortality was relatively low across all sampled counties, indicating that these fungi, at the levels that were detected, are not widely inciting oak decline across the region, but more likely are acting opportunistically when the environment is conducive for disease. In an attempt to better understand the relationships among Dc and potentially their geographic origin(s), a multi-gene phylogenetic study and corresponding morphological study were conducted. A total of 49 Diplodia isolates from Spain, France, Italy, and the U.S. were assessed. Across all isolates and geographic regions, Dc formed a strongly supported monophyletic clade sister to Dq and included two strongly supported subclades, one that included isolates from Spain and California and a second that included isolates from Italy, Maryland, and West Virginia. Both subclades also exhibited overlapping spore measurements. These results support Dc as a cosmopolitan pathogen, native to both Europe and the U.S. with the possibility of secondary introductions.

scholarly journals First Report of Clubroot on Canola Caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae in North Dakota

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
pp. 1438-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Chittem ◽  
S. M. Mansouripour ◽  
L. E. del Río Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Dakota ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
First Report ◽  
Resting Spores ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests

North Dakota leads the United States in canola (Brassica napus L.) production (4). A canola field with a distinct patch of dead plants spreading over an area of approximately 0.4 ha was detected in Cavalier County, North Dakota, in early September 2013. Numerous spots within the patch had plant mortalities >80%. Dead plants pulled from the soil had roots with severe galling and clubbing. Clubbed roots were brittle and disintegrated easily when pressed between fingers. Root and soil samples collected at several locations within and outside the affected patch were pooled in separate groups. All plants collected in the patch were symptomatic but those collected outside were not. In the lab, total genomic DNA from three symptomatic and two healthy root samples was extracted using standard procedures and freehand slices were prepared for observation with a compound microscope. Also, DNA from pooled soil samples was extracted using FastDNA Spin Kit for Soil (MP Biomedicals, Solon, OH). Round resting structures ranging from 2.2 to 4.2 μm in diameter were observed by microscopic examination of symptomatic root tissues. These structures resembled those typically produced by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin. This initial identification was later confirmed through PCR analysis using the species specific primers TC1F/R and TC2F/R (1). PCR products of 548 bp (TC1F/R) and 519 bp (TC2F/R) were produced in the three symptomatic and two infested soil samples, confirming the presence of P. brassicae. PCR amplicons were not detected in healthy root and soil samples. Pathogenicity tests were conducted in greenhouse to fulfill Koch's postulates. Briefly, five square plastic pots (10 × 10 × 13 cm) were filled with a 10-cm layer of Sunshine Mix #1 potting mix (Fison Horticulture, Vancouver, BC, Canada) and then 1 g of ground root galls (approximately 5 × 105 resting spores) was spread evenly on its surface and covered with 2 cm of soilless mix. A similar number of pots were filled only with soilless mix and used as controls. All pots were planted with two seeds of canola cv. Westar and incubated in greenhouse conditions at 21°C and 16 h light daily. The experiment was conducted twice. Four weeks after planting, all plants in the inoculated pots had developed galls while plants in control pots were symptomless. Presence of P. brassicae resting spores in the newly developed galls was confirmed by microscopic observations and PCR. Based on the symptoms, morphology of resting spores, PCR reactions, and pathogenicity tests, we confirm the presence of P. brassicae on canola. While P. brassicae has been reported as widespread in North America (2), to our knowledge, this is the first report of clubroot on canola in North Dakota and the United States. Clubroot became the most important disease affecting canola production in central Alberta, Canada, within 5 years of its discovery in 2003 (3); since then, the disease has been detected in Saskatchewan and Manitoba (3), Canadian provinces that share borders with North Dakota. Considering the difficulties in management of clubroot, measures should be initiated to limit the spread of the disease before it could pose a threat to United States canola production. References: (1) T. Cao et al. Plant Dis. 91:80, 2007. (2) G. Dixon J. Plant Growth Regul. 28:194, 2009. (3) S. Strelkov and S. Hwang. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 36(S1):27, 2014. (4) USDA-NASS, Ag. Statistics No. 81, 2012.

scholarly journals Pathotype Diversity of Phytophthora sojae in Eleven States in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (7) ◽  
pp. 1429-1437 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Dorrance ◽  
J. Kurle ◽  
A. E. Robertson ◽  
C. A. Bradley ◽  
L. Giesler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Partial Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
The State ◽  
Soybean Seedling ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Rps Gene

Pathotype diversity of Phytophthora sojae was assessed in 11 states in the United States during 2012 and 2013. Isolates of P. sojae were recovered from 202 fields, either from soil samples using a soybean seedling bioassay or by isolation from symptomatic plants. Each isolate was inoculated directly onto 12 soybean differentials; no Rps gene or Rps 1a, 1b, 1c, 1k, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4, 6, 7, or 8. There were 213 unique virulence pathotypes identified among the 873 isolates collected. None of the Rps genes were effective against all the isolates collected but Rps6 and Rps8 were effective against the majority of isolates collected in the northern regions of the sampled area. Virulence toward Rps1a, 1b, 1c, and 1k ranged from 36 to 100% of isolates collected in each state, while virulence to Rps6 and Rps8 was less than 36 and 10%, respectively. Depending on the state, the effectiveness of Rps3a ranged from totally effective to susceptible to more than 40% of the isolates. Pathotype complexity has increased in populations of P. sojae in the United States, emphasizing the increasing importance of stacked Rps genes in combination with high partial resistance as a means of limiting losses to P. sojae.

Plasmid profiles of virulent Rhodococcus equiisolates from soil environment on horse-breeding farms in Hungary

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Makrai ◽  
K. Kira ◽  
A. Kono ◽  
Y. Sasaki ◽  
T. Kakuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Type I ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Horse Breeding ◽  
Plasmid Profiles ◽  
Breeding Farms ◽  
Culture Positive ◽  
Different Parts

The plasmid profiles of virulent Rhodococcus equistrains isolated on three horse-breeding farms located in different parts of Hungary were investigated. From 49 soil samples collected on the three farms, 490 R. equiisolates (10 from each sample) were obtained and tested for the presence of 15- to 17-kDa antigens (VapA) by immunoblotting and PCR. Ninety-eight VapA-positive isolates were detected from 30 of the 49 culture-positive samples with a prevalence ranging from 13.1% to 23.2%. Of the 98 virulent isolates, 70 contained an 85-kb type I plasmid, 13 contained an 87-kb type I plasmid, and 15 contained an 85-kb type III plasmid which had been uniquely isolated from soil isolates in the United States. This study demonstrates that the virulent form of R. equiis very widespread in the soil environment of these stud farms in Hungary and the plasmid pattern is different from farm to farm.

scholarly journals MAACKIA AMURENSIS NODULATES AND FIXES DINITROGEN

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1068G-1069
Author(s):  
Janet M. Batzli ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Peter van Berkum
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Leguminous Tree ◽  
Maackia Amurensis ◽  
Legume Trees ◽  
Reduction Assay ◽  
Sterile Medium

Maackia amurensis Rupr. & Maxim. is a leguminous tree with potential for increased use in urban landscapes. Information on the nutrition of M. amurensis is limited. To our knowledge, modulation and N2 fixation have not been reported. Our objective was to examine M. amurensis for nodulation and N2 fixation. Soil samples were collected near legume trees at arboreta throughout the United States, with additional samples from Canada and China. Seedlings were grown for six weeks in a low-N, sterile medium and inoculated with soil samples. Upon harvest, small white nodules were found on the lateral and upper portions of the root systems. Bacteria were isolated from the larger nodules, subculture, and used to inoculate seedlings. Inoculated plants nodulated and fixed N2 as determined by the acetylene reduction assay. We conclude M. amurensis forms N2-fixing symbioses with Rhizobium.

Growth and Survival of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella on Whole and Sliced Cucumbers

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
CAMERON A. BARDSLEY ◽  
LAURA N. TRUITT ◽  
RACHEL C. PFUNTNER ◽  
MICHELLE D. DANYLUK ◽  
STEVEN L. RIDEOUT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Contamination Events ◽  
Storage Temperatures

ABSTRACT Cucumbers were associated with four multistate outbreaks of Salmonella in the United States between 2013 and 2016. This study evaluated the fate of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella on whole and sliced cucumbers at various storage temperatures. Cucumbers were inoculated with five-strain cocktails of L. monocytogenes or Salmonella, air dried, and stored at 23 ± 2, 4 ± 2, and −18 ± 2°C. Whole and sliced cucumber samples were enumerated on nonselective and selective media at 0, 0.21, 1, 2, 3, and 4 days (23 ± 2°C); 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days (4 ± 2°C); and 0, 7, 28, 60, 90, and 120 days (−18 ± 2°C). For Salmonella, additional time points were added at 8 and 17 h (23 ± 2°C) and at 17 h (4 ± 2°C). Population levels were calculated for whole (CFU per cucumber) and sliced (CFU per gram) cucumbers. Both pathogens grew on whole and sliced cucumbers held at ambient temperatures. At 23 ± 2°C, L. monocytogenes and Salmonella populations significantly increased on whole (2.3 and 3.4 log CFU per cucumber, respectively) and sliced (1.7 and 3.2 log CFU/g, respectively) cucumbers within 1 day. Salmonella populations significantly increased on whole and sliced cucumbers after only 5 h (2.1 log CFU per cucumber and 1.5 log CFU/g, respectively), whereas L. monocytogenes populations were not significantly different on whole and sliced cucumbers at 5 h. L. monocytogenes and Salmonella populations survived up to 21 days on refrigerated whole and sliced cucumbers. At 4 ± 2°C, L. monocytogenes populations significantly increased on whole (2.8 log CFU per cucumber) and sliced (2.9 log CFU/g) cucumbers, whereas Salmonella populations significantly decreased on whole (0.6 log CFU per cucumber) and sliced (1.3 log CFU/g) cucumbers over 21 days. Both pathogens survived on frozen whole and sliced cucumbers for at least 120 days. The ability of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella to grow on whole and sliced cucumbers in short amounts of time at ambient temperatures, and to survive on whole and sliced cucumbers past the recommended shelf life at refrigeration temperatures, highlights the need to reduce the likelihood of contamination events throughout the cucumber supply chain.

scholarly journals First Report of Brown Root Rot of Alfalfa Caused by Phoma sclerotioides in Wisconsin

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (7) ◽  
pp. 769-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Larsen ◽  
C. R. Grau ◽  
G. J. Vandemark ◽  
T. J. Hughes ◽  
B. D. Hudelson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Extraction ◽  
Soil Dna ◽  
First Report ◽  
Phoma Sclerotioides ◽  
Brown Root Rot

Brown root rot (BRR) has been associated with winterkill of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the temperate regions of North America where winters are severe (1). Although suspected, BRR has not been associated with winterkill of alfalfa in the upper Midwestern United States. Alfalfa plants exhibiting symptoms resembling those induced by the causal agent Phoma sclerotioides G. Preuss ex Sacc. were collected from fields in Marinette, Pierce, and Marathon counties in Wisconsin during the spring and early summer of 2003. Symptoms included stunting and decline in 1- to 3-year-old plants that were slow to break dormancy in the early spring. Roots frequently exhibited dark brown lesions or were entirely decayed. Advanced lesions often formed dark bands around the circumference of tap and secondary roots. Beaked pycnidial structures typical of P. sclerotioides were also observed on many samples with advanced lesions. Plants with symptoms of BRR were also observed in Clark, Langlade, Lincoln, Oconto, Shawno, Taylor, and Wood counties. Several lesion areas of tissue on the tap and lateral roots of each sample were excised with a sterile scalpel. Total DNA was extracted using the Fast DNA kit (Bio 101, Carlsbad, CA). In addition, soil samples were collected in the root rhizosphere of symptomatic plants from four fields in two counties. Soil DNA was extracted with the Ultra-Clean DNA soil extraction kit (Mo Bio, Solana Beach, CA). DNA extractions were diluted 1:10 or 1:50, and samples were evaluated for the presence of P. sclerotioides using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers according to the method described previously (4). Amplicons of the expected size (499 bp) were detected from alfalfa roots sampled from Marathon (4 of 4), Marinette (4 of 5), and Pierce (4 of 4) counties but not in roots from healthy controls produced in the greenhouse at Prosser, WA. PCR amplicons were also produced from all field soil samples in Marathon and Marinette counties. Proof of pathogenicity via Koch's postulates for this host-pathogen system was not attempted because of the extensive time period required (1). However, characteristic beaked pycnidia were present, and the pathogen was identified using PCR on DNA from roots symptomatic of BRR. Detection of BRR has been limited in the United States to Wyoming (2), but has been thought to occur in other states with severe winters (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. sclerotioides in Wisconsin. References: (1) J. G. N. Davidson. Brown root rot. Pages 29–31 in: Compendium of Alfalfa Diseases. 2nd ed. D. L. Stuteville and D. C. Erwin, eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1990. (2) F. A. Gray et al. Pages 27–28 in: Proc. 10th Western Alfalfa Improv. Conf., 1997. (3) C. R. Hollingsworth et al. Can. J Plant Pathol. 25:215, 2003. (4) R. C. Larsen et al. Plant Dis. 86:928, 2002.

scholarly journals First Report of Phytophthora europaea in Oak Forests in the Eastern and North-Central United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 827-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Balci ◽  
S. Balci ◽  
J. Eggers ◽  
W. L. MacDonald ◽  
J. Juzwik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
West Virginia ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Oak Forests ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
North Central ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Length Width

In 2003 and 2004, soils in oak forest ecosystems in nine central and eastern states of the United States were surveyed for Phytophthora spp. Soil samples were collected around healthy and symptomatic trees. Symptoms included dieback of branches, gaps in lateral branch systems, yellowing of foliage, wilting and clustering of leaves, and the presence of epicormic shoots. Soil subsamples were collected in each of the four cardinal directions and at a distance of 1 to 2 m from the base of a tree. The four subsamples were bulked to produce a sample of approximately 2,000 ml. In the laboratory, each sample was mixed thoroughly and a single 250-g subsample was flooded with 500 ml of distilled water and baited with Quercus robur leaflets for 3 to 5 days at 17 to 20°C. Discolored leaflets were examined microscopically (×200) and those with sporangia typical of Phytophthora spp. were plated on PARPNH selective medium (1). Phytophthora europaea was recovered from soil samples collected from Q. alba in West Virginia, Q. rubra in Minnesota, West Virginia, and Wisconsin, Q. phellos in Ohio, and Q. velutina in Pennsylvania. Cultures were identified as P. europaea by their morphological, physiological, and molecular characteristics (4). Average dimensions of nine isolates were determined. Oogonia were 40 ± 3.9 μm in diameter and often had few bullet protuberances and tapered bases; oospores mostly filled the oogonia and averaged 36 ± 3.7 μm; sporangia dimensions averaged 42 ± 6.1 × 30 ± 4.1 μm with a length/width ratio of 1:4. Isolates produced larger oogonia and oospores but had similar sporangia length/width ratios comparable to the species description (4). Growth optimum (5.8 to 6.9 mm day-1) on V8 juice agar (V8A) occurred at 25°C. On potato dextrose agar, colonies produced dense, felt-like mycelia, often with a central mound of aerial hyphae. DNA also was extracted from eight representative isolates and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA from each isolate was amplified and sequenced. ITS sequences were identical to those of P. europaea in the NCBI GenBank database (Accession No. DQ313222). Pathogenicity of six isolates (one from each site) was confirmed by wounding stems of 2-year-old Q. alba, Q. rubra, and Q. velutina seedlings and inoculating wounds with V8A plugs (6 mm) containing mycelia; V8A plugs without mycelia were used for controls. Two months after inoculation, P. europaea was reisolated on PARPNH medium from advancing lesions on all inoculated seedlings but was not isolated from control plants. Mean lesion lengths on seedlings inoculated with P. europaea were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those on control plants; lesions averaged 0.46 cm on Q. alba, 1.38 cm on Q. rubra, and 1.01 cm on Q. velutina. Previously, P. europaea only was reported from oak trees and soil in forests of Austria, France, and Germany (1–4). These findings extend the current distribution of P. europaea and raise questions about its origin and role in the health of oak forests in eastern and north-central United States. Q. alba, Q. phellos, Q. rubra, and Q. velutina are new host associations for P. europaea. References: (1) Y. Balci and E. Halmschlager. For. Pathol. 33:157, 2003. (2) E. Hansen and C. Delatour. Ann. Sci. For. 56:539, 1999. (3) G. Hartmann and R. Blank. Forst Holz. 57:539, 2002. (4) T. Jung et al. Mycol. Res. 106:397, 2002.

scholarly journals MAACKIA AMURENSIS NODULATES AND FIXES DINITROGEN

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1068g-1069
Author(s):  
Janet M. Batzli ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Peter van Berkum
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Leguminous Tree ◽  
Maackia Amurensis ◽  
Legume Trees ◽  
Reduction Assay ◽  
Sterile Medium

Maackia amurensis Rupr. & Maxim. is a leguminous tree with potential for increased use in urban landscapes. Information on the nutrition of M. amurensis is limited. To our knowledge, modulation and N2 fixation have not been reported. Our objective was to examine M. amurensis for nodulation and N2 fixation. Soil samples were collected near legume trees at arboreta throughout the United States, with additional samples from Canada and China. Seedlings were grown for six weeks in a low-N, sterile medium and inoculated with soil samples. Upon harvest, small white nodules were found on the lateral and upper portions of the root systems. Bacteria were isolated from the larger nodules, subculture, and used to inoculate seedlings. Inoculated plants nodulated and fixed N2 as determined by the acetylene reduction assay. We conclude M. amurensis forms N2-fixing symbioses with Rhizobium.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document