Seasonal and diurnal expansion and contraction of fruits of forest trees

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1033-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Chaney ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Corylus Cornuta ◽  
Fruit Diameter

Seasonal and diurnal expansion and contraction of growing fruits of Acer rubrum L., Prunus serotina Ehrb., P. pensylvanica L., P. virginiana L., Quercus rubra L., and Corylus cornuta Marsh, var. cornuta were measured with modified Fritts dendrographs during the summers of 1966 and 1967. Throughout much of the summer the fruits exhibited recurrent shrinkage during the day and expansion at night. Fruit diameter fluctuations in 1967 were related to changes in vapor pressure deficit. Expansion of fruits generally occurred when vapor pressure deficit was decreasing or low and contraction resulted when vapor pressure deficit was increasing or high.

Vegetation variation among mesic successional forest stands in northern lower Michigan

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1080-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark R. Roberts ◽  
Norman L. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Soil Variables

Vegetation composition of the shrub–tree and herb layers was sampled in 70 successional aspen (Populus tremuloides and Populus grandidentata) stands of different ages (1–90 years) on a variety of sites in northern lower Michigan. Physical and chemical characteristics of soil profiles were also measured at each site. Three stand groupings were identified based on site conditions and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) ordination of the vegetation. Sandy dry-mesic soils support forests of Acer rubrum, Quercus rubra, Pinus resinosa, and Pinus strobus. On lowland sandy soils with a fluctuating water table, Pinus strobus, Abies balsamea, Viburnum lentago, and Viburnum cassinoides are important. Mesic soils with stratified calcareous layers or clay till substrates support Acer saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, Tilia americana, Fraxinus americana, Ostrya virginiana, and Acer pensylvanicum. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to compare DCA scores with soil variables; first-axis DCA scores were correlated with a suite of soil variables and stand age was correlated with second or third DCA axis scores. Separate DCA ordinations of the dry-mesic and mesic groups revealed successional relations on these sites. On dry-mesic sites, Pinus resinosa and Pinus strobus increase in importance with stand age, while Prunus serotina, Prunus virginiana, Prunus pensylvanica, and the aspens decrease. On mesic sites, early successional species include the aspens, Corylus cornuta, Prunus serotina, and Prunus pensylvanica. Fagus grandifolia, Acer pensylvanicum, Quercus rubra, Viburnum acerifolium, Betula papyrifera, Acer rubrum, and Tilia americana are more abundant in mature mesic-site stands. Ordinations of the herb data were remarkably similar to those for trees and shrubs except on dry-mesic sites. Much of the residual variability in vegetation not accounted for by site conditions and stand age is probably related to historical factors such as the nature of disturbance and variations in seed rain.

Precommercial Thinning Increases Diameter Growth of Appalachian Hardwood Stump Sprouts

1983 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil I. Lamson
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Precommercial Thinning ◽  
Stump Sprouts

Abstract In West Virginia crop trees were selected from 7- or 12-year-old yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), basswood (Tilia americana L.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) stump sprouts. Crop trees were dominant or codominant, well-formed sprouts that originated not more than 6 inches above groundline and did not fork in the lower 17 feet. Four treatments were evaluated: (1) control; (2) thinning; (3) pruning; and (4) thinning plus pruning. Five years after treatment the diameter (d.b.h.) growth of thinned sprouts was 1.5 times greater than that of control sprouts. Pruning did not cause a significant decrease in five-year d.b.h. growth. Height growth was not affected by the treatments. Most of the epicormic branches produced by pruning were dead five years after treatment. Natural pruning was reduced by thinning; the average clear bole length of thinned sprouts was about 2 feet shorter than that of the control sprouts. Survival was nearly 100 percent.

Seasonal and diurnal changes in water balance of fruits, cones, and leaves of forest trees

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 1407-1417 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Chaney ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Prunus Serotina ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Accurate Indicator

Seasonal variations in actual moisture content (MC), moisture content as percent of dry weight (% MC), and dry weight were determined for fruits of Acer rubrum L., Quercus rubra L., and Prunus serotina Ehrb. at weekly or 2-weekly intervals. On selected dates diurnal variations in MC, % MC, and dry weight of fruits or cones and leaves of Quercus rubra, Prunus serotina, P. virginiana L., and Pinus banksiana Lamb. were determined at 4-hour intervals during the day and night. Percentage moisture content of reproductive tissues and leaves was variously influenced by water uptake or loss, change in dry weight, or both of these. The water balance of different tissues of the same organ varied differently, both seasonally and diurnally, in the same species as well as between species. Percentage moisture content alone is not an accurate indicator of internal water balance of plants and should be interpreted in relation to both water weight and dry weight changes of tissues.

scholarly journals Abscisic Acid Synthesis in Acer rubrum L. Leaves—A Vapor-pressure-deficit-mediated Response

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.L. Bauerle ◽  
T.H. Whitlow ◽  
T.L. Setter ◽  
F.M. Vermeylen
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Ecotypic Variation ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Quantitative differences in leaf abscisic acid (ABA) among Acer rubrum L. (red maple) ecotypes were investigated. This study tested the hypothesis that seedlings from wet and dry maternal sites display distinctly different capacities to synthesize ABA in response to atmospheric vapor pressure deficits. The increased levels of ABA in leaf tissue in the red maple ecotypes were associated with atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Leaves on well-watered plants responded to VPD by increasing their ABA levels and reducing their photosynthesis (Anet) and stomatal conductance (gs). Both ecotypes appear to accumulate ABA at about the same rate as VPD increased. Despite the similar accumulation rates between ecotypes, wet site ecotypes consistently had a higher level of ABA present in leaf tissue under both low and high VPD conditions. Furthermore, wet site provenances appear to reduce Anet and gs in response to ABA accumulation, whereas dry sites do not present as clear an ABA/gs relationship. This study shows variation between wet and dry site red maple populations in physiological response to atmospheric vapor pressure deficits, indicating that natural ecotypic variation in stomatal responsiveness to air humidity is likely mediated by ABA accumulation in leaf tissue. This research demonstrates that ecotypes of red maple may be selected for atmospheric drought tolerance based on site moisture conditions.

Effect of Mycorrhizal Fungi on Gas Exchange of Micropropagated Guava Plantlets (Psidium guajava L.) during Acclimatization and Plant Establishment

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 501c-501
Author(s):  
Andrés A. Estrada-Luna ◽  
Jonathan N. Egilla ◽  
Fred T. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Glomus Etunicatum ◽  
Plant Establishment ◽  
Use Efficiency

The effect of mycorrhizal fungi on gas exchange of micropropagated guava plantlets (Psidium guajava L.) during acclimatization and plant establishment was determined. Guava plantlets (Psidium guajava L. cv. `Media China') were asexually propagated through tissue culture and acclimatized in a glasshouse for eighteen weeks. Half of the plantlets were inoculated with ZAC-19, which is a mixed isolate containing Glomus etunicatum and an unknown Glomus spp. Plantlets were fertilized with modified Long Ashton nutrient solution containing 11 (g P/ml. Gas exchange measurements included photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), internal CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (E), water use efficiency (WUE), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Measurements were taken at 2, 4, 8 and 18 weeks after inoculation using a LI-6200 portable photosynthesis system (LI-COR Inc. Lincoln, Neb., USA). Two weeks after inoculation, noninoculated plantlets had greater A compared to mycorrhizal plantlets. However, 4 and 8 weeks after inoculation, mycorrhizal plantlets had greater A, gs, Ci and WUE. At the end of the experiment gas exchange was comparable between noninoculated and mycorrhizal plantlets.

scholarly journals Is There Daily Growth Hysteresis versus Vapor Pressure Deficit in Cherry Fruit?

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Matteo Zucchini ◽  
Arash Khosravi ◽  
Veronica Giorgi ◽  
Adriano Mancini ◽  
Davide Neri
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Hysteresis Curve ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Rainy Days ◽  
Clockwise Hysteresis

The growth of cherry fruit is generally described using a double sigmoid model, divided into four growth stages. Abiotic factors are considered to be significant components in modifying fruit growth, and among these, the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is deemed the most effective. In this study, we investigated sweet cherry fruit growth through the continuous, hourly monitoring of fruit transversal diameter over two consecutive years (2019 and 2020), from the beginning of the third stage to maturation (forth stage). Extensometers were used in the field and VPD was calculated from weather data. The fruit growth pattern up to the end of the third stage demonstrated three critical steps during non-rainy days: shrinkage, stabilization and expansion. In the third stage of fruit growth, a partial clockwise hysteresis curve of circadian growth, as a response to VPD, appeared on random days. The pattern of fruit growth during rainy days was not distinctive, but the amount and duration of rain caused a consequent decrease in the VPD and indirectly boosted fruit growth. At the beginning of the fourth stage, the circadian growth changed and the daily transversal diameter vs VPD formed fully clockwise hysteresis curves for most of this stage. Our findings indicate that hysteresis can be employed to evaluate the initial phenological phase of fruit maturation, as a fully clockwise hysteresis curve was observable only in the fourth stage of fruit growth. There are additional opportunities for its use in the management of fruit production, such as in precision fruit farming.

scholarly journals Towards In Vivo Monitoring of Ions Accumulation in Trees: Response of an in Planta Organic Electrochemical Transistor Based Sensor to Water Flux Density, Light and Vapor Pressure Deficit Variation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 4729
Author(s):  
Davide Amato ◽  
Giuseppe Montanaro ◽  
Filippo Vurro ◽  
Nicola Coppedé ◽  
Nunzio Briglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Electrochemical Transistor ◽  
Olive Trees

Research on organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) based sensors to monitor in vivo plant traits such as xylem sap concentration is attracting attention for their potential application in precision agriculture. Fabrication and electronic aspects of OECT have been the subject of extensive research while its characterization within the plant water relation context deserves further efforts. This study tested the hypothesis that the response (R) of an OECT (bioristor) implanted in the trunk of olive trees is inversely proportional to the water flux density flowing through the plant (Jw). This study also examined the influence on R of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) as coupled/uncoupled with light. R was hourly recorded in potted olive trees for a 10-day period concomitantly with Jw (weight loss method). A subgroup of trees was bagged in order to reduce VPD and in turn Jw, and other trees were located in a walk-in chamber where VPD and light were independently managed. R was tightly sensitive to diurnal oscillation of Jw and at negligible values of Jw (late afternoon and night) R increased. The bioristor was not sensitive to the VPD per se unless a light source was coupled to trigger Jw. This study preliminarily examined the suitability of bioristor to estimate the mean daily nutrients accumulation rate (Ca, K) in leaves comparing chemical and sensor-based procedures showing a good agreement between them opening new perspective towards the application of OECT sensor in precision agricultural cropping systems.

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