Foliar nutrition and growth in red pine: the fate of photoassimilated carbon in a seedling tree

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 897-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratap V. Rangnekar ◽  
Dorothy F. Forward
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Foliar Nutrition ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Insoluble Compounds

A 2- to 3-year-old red pine seedling was allowed to assimilate 14CO2 for 3 hours at 2000 ft-c and left under the same illumination for 6 days, then divided into segments and analyzed. Ethanol extracts were resolved by chromatography, insoluble residues by chemical methods. The radioactivity in various components was determined for all segments. Autoradiographs were made from stem sections at four levels.Radioactivity was found in all parts of the plant. Per unit mass of tissue, it was more or less uniformly apportioned among root, stem, and leaves, but the expanding terminal bud contained 5 times as much activity per gram of tissue. Overall, about one-third of the radioactivity was in insoluble compounds, mainly in cell wall constituents. In localities where conspicuous growth had occurred the proportion was higher. Autoradiographs of stem sections showed that 14C was concentrated in newly differentiated tracheids, and was still being incorporated after 6 days. About one-third of the activity in the ethanol extract was chloroform soluble, two-thirds water soluble. In the latter fraction, activity was largely in sugars and organic acids, little in amino acids. Activity in sugars, per unit weight of tissue, was more or less uniform throughout the plant, but activity in organic acids varied greatly. It was lowest in the stem, highest in the bud, where organic acids, almost exclusively quinic and shikimic, carried 75% of the label in the ethanol and water-soluble fraction, and 23% of all the activity in the bud.

Foliar nutrition and wood growth in red pine: the distribution of radiocarbon photoassimilated by individual branches of young trees

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1701-1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Rangnekar ◽  
D. F. Forward ◽  
N. J. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Foliar Nutrition ◽  
Cambial Growth ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Insoluble Compounds ◽  
Single Branch

The distribution of photoassimilated carbon-14 in young plantation trees was studied 6 or 10 days after supplying 14CO2 for a day to a single branch in the second, third, or fourth whorl. Both apical and cambial growth occurred during the interval, and apical growth throughout the trees was measured. Elongating terminals and products of cambial growth in the fed branch were highly labeled. In all trees some 14C was exported to the adjacent side of the tree. Movement in the trunk was bidirectional, but the position of the donor branch determined the direction of major transport. Only from whorl 2 was it upward; from whorl 3 or 4 it was downward. In both directions activity decreased with distance from the base of the donor branch, and the leader did not accumulate more, per unit weight, than the intervening internodes. Some 14C entered branches arising in the path of transport.Radioactivity was concentrated only in regions of growth, whether apical or cambial. Most of the 14C was in ethanol-insoluble compounds, largely in cell wall constituents. Autoradiographs of stem sections confirmed that 14C was deposited in currently developing tracheids of secondary xylem during most of the 10-day growth period. The ratio of activity in lignin to that in cellulose was inversely related to the total 14C in the cell wall constituents.

Hyperaccumulation of manganese in the rainforest tree Austromyrtus bidwillii (Myrtaceae) from Queensland, Australia

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sjaan D. Bidwell ◽  
Ian E. Woodrow ◽  
George N. Batianoff ◽  
Jens Sommer-Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
The World ◽  
Molar Equivalent ◽  
Insoluble Compounds ◽  
First Time

Throughout the world, over 400 species of plants are known to accumulate large quantities of metals in their shoots (`hyperaccumulators'), but of these, relatively few accumulate manganese (Mn). We have identified for the first time an Australian native hyperaccumulator of Mn, Austromyrtus bidwillii (Benth.) Burrett (Myrtaceae). Concentrations of Mn up to 19 200 µg g-1 were measured in dried leaves of this rainforest tree, and young bark was found to contain up to 26 500 µg g-1 Mn. Approximately 40% of the Mn in the leaves is readily extracted with water, suggesting that some of the Mn is associated with water-soluble compounds such as organic acids. Organic acids present in appreciable amounts in leaf extracts of A. bidwillii were identified and quantified by HPLC and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The following organic acids (in order of concentration) were present: succinic > malic ≥ malonic > oxalic >> citric acid. The concentration of total organic acids was on average 123 000 µg g-1 dry tissue, which amounted to approximately three times the molar equivalent of Mn and two times the molar equivalent of total cations (Mn, Mg and Ca), demonstrating that organic anions were in excess. The Mn remaining after water extraction ((61 ± 3.9%) could be extracted with 0.2M HCl, suggesting that a significant portion of the Mn is associated with the cell wall (perhaps replacing Ca) or is present as other insoluble compounds.

scholarly journals The Potency of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. Leaves Ethanol Extract as Hair Growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (A) ◽  
pp. 89-92
Author(s):  
Imam Budi Putra ◽  
Nelva K Jusuf ◽  
Imam Bagus Sumantri
Keyword(s):  
Hair Growth ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Extract ◽  
Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis ◽  
Extract Content ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

INTRODUCTION: Hair is one of the organs and crowns for all people. Hair loss will really bother for most people. One of the plants that can be used as hair growth is Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to find the potency of H. rosa-sinensis leaves ethanol extracts as hair growth. METHODS: In this research, simplicia and extracts were made from hibiscus leaves using ethanol as a solvent. Simplicia and extracts were tested for phytochemical screening and characterization of each. The extract obtained was tested in vivo with animals test by observing mouse’s hair growth for 25 days of observation. RESULTS: Simplicia and ethanol extract of Hibiscus leaves contain flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, and steroids/terpenoids. The characteristics of Hibiscus leaves simplicia and extract had water content (9.71% vs. 10.65%), water-soluble extract content (19.91% vs. 27.58%), ethanol-soluble extract content (37.86% vs. 49.51%), total ash content (7.96% vs. 9.46%), and acid-insoluble ash content (0.78% vs. 1.28%). In vivo testing with animals, ethanol extract of Hibiscus leaves had an effect as a hair growth until the 25th day with an average concentration of 2.5% (14 mm), 5% (16 mm), and 10% (19 mm). DISCUSSION: The extract of Hibiscus leaves that showed the presence of carbohydrate, alkaloid, flavonoid, steroids, protein, tannin, and amino acids. The presence of active constituents such as flavonoids and tannins may be responsible for hair growth activity. CONCLUSION: The ethanol extracts of H. rosa-sinensis leaves can increase hair growth, at optimum concentrations of 10% extract.

Foliar nutrition and growth in red pine: distribution of photoassimilated carbon in seedlings during bud expansion

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 2053-2061 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Rangnekar ◽  
D. F. Forward
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Foliar Nutrition ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Major Increase ◽  
Insoluble Compounds

14CO2 was supplied to shoots of 4-year-old seedlings of red pine, and segments analyzed after 8 h, 3 days, and 7 days. The distribution of 14C after 7 days was similar to that observed earlier in a seedling 6 days after feeding. This pattern of spatial distribution developed within 3 days, after which it was stable.Most of the 14C was found initially in sugars, but redistribution among metabolites continued for 7 days. Transfer to insoluble compounds reached 55–60% in the seedlings, more in the expanding bud and the leaves. Glucose and fructose were initially equally labeled, but the ratio of 14C fructose to 14C glucose increased with time as labeled glucose disappeared more rapidly.Transfer of 14C to quinic and shikimic acids began immediately in the expanding bud and after 3 days these acids contained more of the activity in the bud than sugars. Young leaves also acquired substantial label in quinic and shikimic acids, but the major increase occurred later.

Evaluation of Snake Venom’s PhospholipaseA2 Enzyme Inhibition Activity of Cyphostemma adenocoule

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-202
Author(s):  
Atul Kaushik ◽  
Teamrat S. Tesfai ◽  
Daniel K. Barkh ◽  
Furtuna K. Ghebremeskel ◽  
Habtom G. Zerihun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Inhibition ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Inhibition Activity ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Snake Bites ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Background: A snake bite is fundamentally an injury often resulting in puncture wounds meted out by the animal's fangs and occasionally resulting in envenomation. Rate of snake bites around 5,400,000 bites per year leads to over 2,500,000 envenomings and around 125,000 fatal cases annually. Snake venom enzymes are rich in metalloproteinases, phospholipaseA2, proteinases, acetylcholinesterases and hyaluronidases. Objective: Cyphostemma adenocoule is traditionally being used for the treatment of snake bites in Eritrea. The present research was aimed at evaluating the snake venom enzyme inhibition activity of C. adenocoule against puff adder venom and developing a base for the traditional use of the plant against snakebites in Eritrea. Methods: The anti-venom activity of C. adenocoule was assessed in-vitro through phospholipaseA2 enzyme inhibition assay using egg yolk as a cell. The ethanol and chloroform extracts of C. adenocoule showed in vitro anti phospholipase A2 activity, whereas the water extracts of the plant showed no activity. Results: Among the extracts of C. adenocoule, the highest percentage of inhibition was obtained from chloroform extract (95.55% at 100mg/ml). The extract showed prominent activity at different concentrations (34.7% at10mg/ml, 48.8% at 20mg/ml, 54.8% at 40mg/ml, 60.9% at 60mg/ml, 80.5% at 80mg /ml). The ethanol extract also showed certain activity at various concentrations (25.22% at10mg/ml, 14.78% at 20mg/ml, 2.6% at40mg/ml). The activity of the chloroform extracts increases as concentration increases, whereas the activity of the ethanol extracts decreases as concentration increases. The aqueous extract of C. adenocoule did not show any activity at all concentrations. Conclusion: In this study, the chloroform and ethanol extracts of the plant inhibited the enzyme of interest and thus proved the efficacy of anti-snake venom activity of the plant.

Exploring the Pharmacognostic Features, Anti-oxidant and Lipid Lowering Potential of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Seed

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-169
Author(s):  
Neeraj Panihar ◽  
Neeru Vasudeva ◽  
Sunil Sharma ◽  
Babu Lal Jangir
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench ◽  
Β Carotene

Background: Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. is a herb consumed as food and has medicinal value. It is a rich source of bioactive nutrients which cure and prevent many ailments. Traditionally, it is used to treat hypertension, diabetes, constipation, cancer etc. Methods and Objective: Present work illustrates morphological, microscopic and physicochemical parameters of Fagopyrum esculentum seeds as per WHO guidelines, in vitro antioxidant activity; assessed by DPPH scavenging method, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay and β-carotene linoleic acid bleaching method and study of lipid lowering potential of the ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of seeds on normal diet fed Wistar rats. Results: Morphological studies delineated the triangular shape, dark brown colour, 8 mm length and 6 mm width of the seed. The microscopic examination of the transverse section of seed depicted features like testa or pericarp (seed coat), the endosperm, embryo and sclerenchyma cells. Study of physiochemical parameters exhibited 0.3±0.02% of foreign matter and 1.44±0.51% crude fibre content. Total ash, acid insoluble ash and water soluble ash value were 6.7±1.7%, 1.9±0.23% and 3.9± 0.31% respectively. Alcohol soluble and water soluble extractive value came out to be 65.02± 3.21 mg/g and 12.7±1.24 mg/g respectively. Foaming index was less than 100, swelling index was found to be 0.5±0.01 ml/g. Loss on drying was 4.02±1.27%. Phytochemical screening of ethyl acetate and ethanol extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, phytosterols and flavonoids. Trace amount of heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury) were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Pesticide residue analysis confirmed the presence of nontoxic pesticides like dimethipin, hymexazol, phenothrin-2, methoprene, triadimenol, prohydrojasmon- 1, jasmolin ii, triademinol, jasmolin i, prohydrojasmone i, cyromazine in both the extracts by gc-ms spectrometer. The ethyl acetate and ethanol extract has shown significant in-vitro antioxidant activities demonstrated by the DPPH method (IC50 = 94.37±2.51 and 216.04±4.39 μg/ml respectively), hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay (IC50 = 83.72±3.72 and 193.47±5.05 µg/ml respectively) and β-carotene bleaching method (IC50 = 100.67±4.01 and 205.39±2.89 µg/ml respectively). Lipid lowering study performed on Wistar rats demonstrated a significant (p<0.001) decrease in serum Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG) and increase in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) level as compared to normal group. Both the extracts have shown a non significant difference in the level of TG as compared to standard drug atorvastatin, depicting that the efficacy of extracts is at par with that of standard drug atorvastatin. Conclusion: Pharmacognostical study of the plant can be a very good tool for identification as well as authentication of a herb. Moreover, these parameters may be helpful in the development of monograph of the plant. Pharmacological activity confirmed Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. seed to be a good antioxidant and have lipid lowering potential.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Toxicity and Antioxidant Property of Cassia fistula Stem Bark Extracts in Zebrafish

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
Shreya Udaya ◽  
Nishith Babu ◽  
Dechamma Pandyanda Nanjappa ◽  
Krithika Kalladka ◽  
Gunimala Chakraborty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Property ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Cassia Fistula ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Stress Models

Abstract Objective This study was aimed at evaluating the toxicity and the antioxidant property of Cassia fistula stem bark extracts in zebrafish. Materials and Methods Crude aqueous and ethanol extracts of C. fistula stem bark were obtained following a standard solvent-based extraction method. The toxicity of these extracts on zebrafish embryonic development was determined and the LC50 values were calculated. Finally, the antioxidant property of C. fistula stem bark extracts was determined in arsenic-induced oxidative stress models of zebrafish. Results The aqueous extract of C. fistula stem bark showed a slightly larger LC50 value (213.6 ppm) compared with the ethanol extract (LC50 = 63.5 ppm), suggesting a lower toxicity of the aqueous extract. A significant reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signal was observed in arsenic-exposed embryos treated with the aqueous extract, but not the ethanol extract, indicating that the antioxidant activity is present only in the aqueous extract of C. fistula stem bark. Conclusion Identification of antioxidants from natural sources is desirable because of increasing safety concerns associated with synthetic antioxidants. This study demonstrated that aqueous extract from C. fistula stem bark possesses antioxidant properties, which can be further characterized for mechanism of action and potential applications.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity Test of Extracts and Fractions of Cassava Leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) against Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes Causing Acne

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Resmi Mustarichie ◽  
Sulistiyaningsih Sulistyaningsih ◽  
Dudi Runadi
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Propionibacterium Acnes ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Active Fraction ◽  
Cassava Leaves ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

This study is aimed at determining antibacterial activity from ethanol extracts and the most active fraction of cassava leaves against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. Research carried out by the experimental method involved determination of plants, extraction with maceration method, fractionation with liquid-liquid extraction, antibacterial activity testing of extracts and fractions by agar diffusion method, determination of most active fraction from the extract, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) testing of most active fraction by microdilution method. The results showed that ethanol extracts of cassava leaves had antibacterial activity against both bacteria with the most active fraction indicated by ethyl acetate. MIC values of ethyl acetate fraction against S. epidermidis were in the concentration range of 2.5%–5.0% (w/v) and against P. acnes were in the concentration range of 1.25%–2.5% (w/v). The MBC value of ethyl acetate fraction against S. epidermidis was at a concentration of 5% (w/v), while P. acnes was at a concentration of 2.5% (w/v). From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) has antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis as well as on Propionibacterium acnes. The fraction with the best activity from the ethanol extract of cassava leaves to the two test bacteria was shown by ethyl acetate fraction. It is suggested that cassava leaves are possible to be developed into standardized antiacne herbal.

scholarly journals Water-soluble organic acids in sedimentary rocks: Compositions and influencing factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengpeng Li ◽  
Shixin Zhou ◽  
Baoqiang Ji ◽  
Xiaopeng Liu ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Water Soluble

scholarly journals Characterization of Aerosol Composition, Aerosol Acidity and Organic Acid Partitioning at an Agriculture-Intensive Rural Southeastern U.S. Site

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodora Nah ◽  
Hongyu Guo ◽  
Amy P. Sullivan ◽  
Yunle Chen ◽  
David J. Tanner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Molar Concentration ◽  
Particle Phase ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Phase Water ◽  
Acetic Acids

Abstract. The implementation of stringent emission regulations has resulted in the decline of anthropogenic pollutants including sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO). In contrast, ammonia (NH3) emissions are largely unregulated, with emissions projected to increase in the future. We present real-time aerosol and gas measurements from a field study conducted in an agricultural-intensive region in the southeastern U.S. during the fall of 2016 to investigate how NH3 affects particle acidity and SOA formation via the gas-particle partitioning of semi-volatile organic acids. Particle water and pH were determined using the ISORROPIA-II thermodynamic model and validated by comparing predicted inorganic HNO3-NO3− and NH3-NH4+ gas-particle partitioning ratios with measured values. Our results showed that despite the high NH3 concentrations (study average 8.1 ± 5.2 ppb), PM1 were highly acidic with pH values ranging from 0.9 to 3.8, and a study-averaged pH of 2.2 ± 0.6. PM1 pH varied by approximately 1.4 units diurnally. Formic and acetic acids were the most abundant gas-phase organic acids, and oxalate was the most abundant particle-phase water-soluble organic acid anion. Measured particle-phase water-soluble organic acids were on average 6 % of the total non-refractory PM1 organic aerosol mass. The measured molar fraction of oxalic acid in the particle phase (i.e., particle-phase oxalic acid molar concentration divided by the total oxalic acid molar concentration) ranged between 47 and 90 % for PM1 pH 1.2 to 3.4. The measured oxalic acid gas-particle partitioning ratios were in good agreement with their corresponding thermodynamic predictions, calculated based on oxalic acid’s physicochemical properties, ambient temperature, particle water and pH. In contrast, gas-particle partitioning of formic and acetic acids were not well predicted for reasons currently unknown. For this study, higher NH3 concentrations relative to what has been measured in the region in previous studies had minor effects on PM1 organic acids and their influence on the overall organic aerosol and PM1 mass concentrations.

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