Influence of soil temperature on the development of pea root rot

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Benedict
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Control Soil ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Pea Root Rot

Pisum sativum vars. Early June, Early Sweet, and Sweet were grown in five root-rot soils and a sterilized control soil maintained at 28°, 26°, 24°, 22°, 18°, 16°, 14°, and 10 °C. Light intensity, day length, and soil moisture were kept constant. Data were recorded from seeding to mature plant development on loss of seed weight, gain in plant weight and height, losses due to preemergence killing and postemergence wilting, lesioning on the subterranean part of the epicotyls, and the fungi and nematodes found associated with the diseased tissues. Results showed that soil temperature generally, with distinct exceptions, had a definite influence on the growth of the peas, according to varieties, in the root rot soils. One fungus predominated as the causal agent of root rot for each variety: Fusarium spp. for var. Early June, which was highly tolerant to root rot soil, and Rhizoctonia solani for Early Sweet and Sweet, which were later maturing varieties. Pythium spp. was also involved in the root rot. The number of seedlings lost as a result of preemergence killing showed greater variation in relation to pea variety and root-rot soil than soil temperature, but postemergence wilting was correlated more closely with soil temperature. The variety Early Sweet was so susceptible to root rot over a wide range of soil temperatures as to preclude its general use in pea-growing areas.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Characterization of 183 Turkish Common Bean Accessions for Agronomic, Trading, and Consumer-Preferred Plant Characteristics for Breeding Purposes

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Azhar Nadeem ◽  
Tolga Karaköy ◽  
Mehmet Zahit Yeken ◽  
Ephrem Habyarimana ◽  
Ruştu Hatipoğlu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seed Length ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Days To Maturity ◽  
100 Seed Weight

Plant landraces represent a repository of a gene pool, local adaptation of their domestic species, and thereby are considered a great source of genetic variations. Such genetic variation can be helpful to mitigate the current and future food challenges. A total of 183 common bean accessions including three commercial varieties collected from 19 Turkish provinces were grown to record their morpho-agronomic variations and to evaluate the best performing accessions under multi-environmental conditions. Plant height, days to maturity, pods weight, seed length, and 100-seed weight were used to evaluate the best performing accessions under different environmental conditions. A wide range of variations for traits like days to maturity (99–161), plant height (21–168.7 cm), seed length (7.41–16.4 mm), seeds per plant (17.8–254.4), and 100-seeds weight (24.97–73.8 g) were observed and can be useful for breeding purposes. The analytic results derived from the first three eigenvectors suggested that plant height, plant weight, 100-seed weight, and days to flowering were biologically significant bean traits. Seed yield per plant was positively and significantly correlated with plant weight and pods weight. Genotype × environment biplot discriminated the studied common bean accessions based on their plant height and growth habit. Plant height, days to maturity, seed width, and first pod height were found highly heritable traits and were least affected by environmental forces. Among 19 provinces, accessions of Bilecik showed maximum pods per plant, seed yield per plant and 100-seed weight, while Erzincan and Sivas provinces reflected the prevalence of bushy and early maturing accessions. Information provided herein comprehensively explored the occurrence of genotypic variations which can be used for the development of candidate varieties responding to breeder, farmer, and consumer preferences.

EFFECTS OF NITROGEN AND MOISTURE ON YIELD AND PROTEIN IN FIELD PEAS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. McLEAN ◽  
F. W. SOSULSKI ◽  
C. G. YOUNGS
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Moisture Conditions

When averaged over a wide range in soil nitrogen and moisture conditions, cultivar differences in yield and protein content of non-inoculated field peas (Pisum sativum L.) were relatively small. The inherent differences in seed weight were responsible for most of the variations in yield among the three cultivars. Nitrogen fertilization in the growth room experiment markedly increased plant weight, seed yield and protein content, and water-use efficiency was substantially improved. When maintained within the upper half of the available range, soil moisture supply had only a limited influence on plant growth. Periodic wilting did cause a severe reduction in plant weight and seed yield, but there was little change in protein content. For these fertilizer and moisture treatments, responses in seed yield were primarily due to changes in number of pods per plant; the seeds per pod and seed weight were relatively stable. It appeared that field peas were efficient converters of soil nitrogen to seed protein and, in the absence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, nitrogen fertilization was the principal factor influencing the protein content of field peas. The correlation coefficient between yield and protein content was very low.

scholarly journals Soil temperature and agronomic implications in two regions of the State of São Paulo, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Maurício Dominguez Nasser ◽  
Estefânia Martins Bardiviesso ◽  
Ariel Santivañez Aguilar ◽  
Augusto Zonta
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Red Latosol

Plants can tolerate a wide range of soil temperature variations, but their development is affected when the soil undergoes higher or lower temperatures of certain extreme values. The aim of this study was to assess the soil temperature of two regions of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Daily measurements of soil temperature were taken at two weather stations, one in the municipality of Adamantina (soil classified as Podzolic, Dark Red Latosol, Eutrophic, moderate A, of sandy/medium texture) and another in the municipality Monte Alegre do Sul (soil classified as Red Yellow Podzolic, of fine sandy-clayey texture) within a period of 365 days. The experimental design was completely randomized, with the two municipalities being the treatments, and 12 repetitions determined by monthly averages. The soil temperature at a 3-cm depth in Adamantina reached values above 40°C, values not observed in Monte Alegre do Sul. At a 12-cm depth, there were no differences between the municipalities. In Monte Alegre do Sul, the recorded soil temperatures proved suitable for crops, with better use of organic matter by the soil and greater stability of surface temperature throughout the day compared to Adamantina. In Adamantina, however, the use of agronomic technology is required to ensure greater stability of surface temperature. The temperature throughout the year in the soil surface layer in the Adamantina region in the afternoon was higher than in the Monte Alegre do Sul region, a fact that implies the need of differentiated agronomic technology depending on the cultivation location.

Effects of soil temperature and moisture on the pathogenicity of fungi associated with root rot of subterranean clover

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 675 ◽  
Author(s):  
DH Wong ◽  
MJ Barbetti ◽  
K Sivasithamparam
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Pythium Irregulare ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

The effects of soil temperature (10, 15, 20 and 25�C) and moisture (45% water holding capacity (WHC), 65% WHC, and flooding) on the pathogenicity of five fungi, both alone and in combinations, were investigated to determine the involvement of these fungi in a severe root rot disorder of subterranean clover in Western Australia. Fusarium avenaceum, Pythium irregulare, and Rhizoctonia solani were highly pathogenic while Fusarium oxysporum and Phoma medicaginis, particularly when used singly, were only weakly pathogenic. Compared with individual fungi, fungal combinations increased the severity of root disease and decreased plant survival and plant fresh weight. While the fungi investigated caused root rot over the range of soil temperatures and moisture conditions of this investigation, the most severe root rot occurred at 10�C, with less at 15 and 25�C, and least at 20�C. Temperature had a marked effect on the disease severity and its effect varied with individual fungi and their combinations, in particular, combinations involving P. irregulare (severest root rot at 10 and 15�C). The most severe root rotting, compared with the control, occurred at 65% WHC, with less at 45% WHC, and least under flooding conditions. There was often a significant interaction between temperature and moisture for the various fungi and fungal combinations tested.

Detection of interactions between the pea root rot pathogens Aphanomyces euteiches and Fusarium spp. using a multiplex qPCR assay

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 1912-1923 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Willsey ◽  
S. Chatterton ◽  
M. Heynen ◽  
A. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Qpcr Assay ◽  
Aphanomyces Euteiches ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Multiplex Qpcr ◽  
Pea Root ◽  
Pea Root Rot

scholarly journals Analysis of Permafrost Thermal Dynamics and Response to Climate Change in the CMIP5 Earth System Models

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1877-1900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles D. Koven ◽  
William J. Riley ◽  
Alex Stern
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Active Layer ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
Cmip5 Models ◽  
Active Layer Thickness ◽  
Thermal Dynamics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Abstract The authors analyze global climate model predictions of soil temperature [from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) database] to assess the models’ representation of current-climate soil thermal dynamics and their predictions of permafrost thaw during the twenty-first century. The authors compare the models’ predictions with observations of active layer thickness, air temperature, and soil temperature and with theoretically expected relationships between active layer thickness and air temperature annual mean- and seasonal-cycle amplitude. Models show a wide range of current permafrost areas, active layer statistics (cumulative distributions, correlations with mean annual air temperature, and amplitude of seasonal air temperature cycle), and ability to accurately model the coupling between soil and air temperatures at high latitudes. Many of the between-model differences can be traced to differences in the coupling between either near-surface air and shallow soil temperatures or shallow and deeper (1 m) soil temperatures, which in turn reflect differences in snow physics and soil hydrology. The models are compared with observational datasets to benchmark several aspects of the permafrost-relevant physics of the models. The CMIP5 models following multiple representative concentration pathways (RCP) show a wide range of predictions for permafrost loss: 2%–66% for RCP2.6, 15%–87% for RCP4.5, and 30%–99% for RCP8.5. Normalizing the amount of permafrost loss by the amount of high-latitude warming in the RCP4.5 scenario, the models predict an absolute loss of 1.6 ± 0.7 million km2 permafrost per 1°C high-latitude warming, or a fractional loss of 6%–29% °C−1.

Effects of soil temperature on the carbon exchange of taiga seedlings.: I. Root respiration

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 840-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. Lawrence ◽  
Walter C. Oechel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Root Respiration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Mass ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Maintenance Respiration ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Growth Respiration ◽  
Species Specific

Seedlings of Alnuscrispa (Ait.) Pursh, Populusbalsamifera L., Populustremuloides Michx., and Betulapapyrifera Marsh., hardwood species of the taiga of interior Alaska, were grown in sand in a controlled environment room at day–night temperatures of 25 and 20 °C, respectively, with a 20-h day length. After establishment, pots containing each species were placed under soil-temperature treatments of 5, 15, and 25 °C while maintaining extant air-temperature and light regimes. Both total and maintenance respiration of the roots were measured under these temperature treatments by monitoring the efflux of CO2 from the potted soil mass. An estimate of root-growth respiration was calculated as the difference between total and maintenance respiration. Total root respiration increased from three- to five-fold as soil temperature increased over the 20 °C experimental range. Growth-respiration response was species specific, occurring only at 5 °C soil temperature in A. crispa, at both 15 and 25 °C in P. balsamifera, and at all three soil temperatures in P. tremuloides. Growth respiration of the roots was a nearly constant fraction of total root respiration within a species, averaging 0.17 mg CO2•h−1•g root dry weight−1 in A. crispa and P. balsamifera, but nearly twice that, 0.33 mg CO2•h−1•g root dry weight−1, in P. tremuloides. Growth respiration was not determined for B. papyrifera.

scholarly journals Biological control of Phaseolus vulgaris and Pisum sativum root rot disease using Trichoderma species

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hammad Abdelwanees Ketta ◽  
Omar Abd El-Raouf Hewedy
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Root Rot Disease ◽  
Pea Root ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Pea Root Rot

Abstract Background Root rot pathogens reported to cause considerable losses in both the quality and productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.). It is an aggressive crop disease with detriment economic influence caused by Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani among other soil-borne fungal pathogens. Destructive plant diseases such as root rot have been managed in the last decades using synthetic pesticides. Main body Seeking of economical and eco-friendly alternatives to combat aggressive soil-borne fungal pathogens that cause significant yield losses is urgently needed. Trichoderma emerged as promising antagonist that inhibits pathogens including those inducing root rot disease. Detailed studies for managing common bean and pea root rot disease using different Trichoderma species (T. harzianum, T. hamatum, T. viride, T. koningii, T. asperellum, T. atroviridae, T. lignorum, T. virens, T. longibrachiatum, T. cerinum, and T. album) were reported both in vitro and in vivo with promotion of plant growth and induction of systemic defense. The wide scale application of selected metabolites produced by Trichoderma spp. to induce host resistance and/or to promote crop yield, may represent a powerful tool for the implementation of integrated pest management strategies. Conclusions Biological management of common bean and pea root rot-inducing pathogens using various species of the Trichoderma fungus might have taken place during the recent years. Trichoderma species and their secondary metabolites are useful in the development of protection against root rot to bestow high-yielding common bean and pea crops.

scholarly journals Simulation of Daily Mean Soil Temperatures for Agricultural Land Use Considering Limited Input Data

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Philipp Grabenweger ◽  
Branislava Lalic ◽  
Miroslav Trnka ◽  
Jan Balek ◽  
Erwin Murer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Snow Layer ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dimensional Simulation ◽  
Limited Input Data

A one-dimensional simulation model that simulates daily mean soil temperature on a daily time-step basis, named AGRISOTES (AGRIcultural SOil TEmperature Simulation), is described. It considers ground coverage by biomass or a snow layer and accounts for the freeze/thaw effect of soil water. The model is designed for use on agricultural land with limited (and mostly easily available) input data, for estimating soil temperature spatial patterns, for single sites (as a stand-alone version), or in context with agrometeorological and agronomic models. The calibration and validation of the model are carried out on measured soil temperatures in experimental fields and other measurement sites with various climates, agricultural land uses and soil conditions in Europe. The model validation shows good results, but they are determined strongly by the quality and representativeness of the measured or estimated input parameters to which the model is most sensitive, particularly soil cover dynamics (biomass and snow cover), soil pore volume, soil texture and water content over the soil column.

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