Nitrogenous and carbohydrate compounds in the xylem sap of Ulmaceae species varying in resistance to Dutch elm disease

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilbagh Singh ◽  
Eugene B. Smalley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Ulmus Pumila ◽  
Resistant Species ◽  
Celtis Occidentalis ◽  
Total Concentrations

Proline and γ-amino-n-butyric acid were present in considerable amounts in the sap of resistant species of the Ulmaceae such as Ulmus pumila, Hemiptelea davidii, and Celtis occidentalis, but occurred only in trace amounts in the sap of susceptible U. americana, U. japonica, and U. carpinifolia. The xylem sap of U. japonica, C. occidentalis, and H. davidii contained large amounts of alanine. Total concentrations of amino acids and ammonia were higher in resistant species than in susceptible species. Fructose, glucose, and sucrose were present in the sap of all the six species. Sucrose was the main sugar in the sap of U. japonica, U. pumila, and C. occidentalis; in U. americana and U. carpinifolia sucrose and fructose were present in about equal amounts; in H. davidii fructose was the major sugar.

Nitrogenous compounds in the xylem sap of American elms with Dutch elm disease

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1061-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilbagh Singh ◽  
Eugene B. Smalley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Amide Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds

Thirty-two ninhydrin-positive nitrogenous compounds were present in the xylem sap of 6- to 9-year- old American elms. Twenty-six of these compounds were identified. Total concentration of nitrogenous materials was several times higher in diseased than in healthy sap after inoculation during the susceptible period in the spring, but was lower after inoculations during the late resistant period. Percentage compositions of γ-amino-n-butyric acid, proline, and alanine in diseased sap increased after both spring and mid-summer inoculations. Proline, which was present in trace amounts in healthy sap, constituted 14 to 38% of the total in diseased sap. Percentage concentrations of amide nitrogen in diseased sap were reduced 50% or more in all inoculated trees. Percentages of ammonia, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and several other amino acids did not change.

The Microscopy of Compatibility and Incompatibility in Ulmus

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 504-505
Author(s):  
B. L. Redmond ◽  
Christopher F. Bob
Keyword(s):  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Hybrid Progeny ◽  
Ulmus Pumila ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
American Elm ◽  
Asian Species ◽  
Ulmus Parvifolia ◽  
Initial Appearance ◽  
Chinese Elm

The American Elm (Ulmus americana L.) has been plagued by Dutch Elm Disease (DED), a lethal disease caused by the fungus Ceratocystis ulmi (Buisman) c. Moreau. Since its initial appearance in North America around 1930, DED has wrought inexorable devastation on the American elm population, triggering both environmental and economic losses. In response to the havoc caused by the disease, many attempts have been made to hybridize U. americana with a few ornamentally less desirable, though highly DED resistant, Asian species (mainly the Siberian elm, Ulmus pumila L., and the Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.). The goal is to develop, through breeding efforts, hybrid progeny that display the ornamentally desirable characteristics of U. americana with the disease resistance of the Asian species. Unfortunately, however, all attempts to hybridize U. americana have been prevented by incompatibility. Only through a firm understanding of both compatibility and incompatibility will it be possible to circumvent the incompatibility and hence achieve hybridization.

The Xylem Sap of Maize Roots: Its Collection, Composition and Formation

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 557 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Canny ◽  
ME Mccully
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Transpiration Stream ◽  
Maize Roots ◽  
Total Amino Acids

Three methods of sampling xylem sap of maize roots were compared: sap bleeding from the stem cut just above the ground; sap bleeding from the cut tops of roots still undisturbed in the ground; and sap aspirated from excavated roots under reduced pressure. The bleeding saps were often unobtainable. When their composition was measured with time from cutting, the concentrations of the major solutes approximately doubled in 2 h. Aspirated sap was chosen as the most reliable sample of root xylem contents. Solute concentrations of the saps showed great variability between individual roots for all solutes, but on average the concentrations found (in �mol g-1 sap) were: total amino acids, 1.8; nitrate, 1.8; sugars (mainly sucrose), 5.4; total organic acids, 18.3. Individual amino acids also varied greatly between roots. Glutamine, aspartic acid and serine were generally most abundant. The principal organic acid found was malic, approximately 8 �mol g-1. From these analyses the ratios of carbon in the fractions (sugars : amino acids : organic acids) = (44 : 6 : 50). 14Carbon pulse fed to a leaf appeared in the root sap within 30 min, rose to a peak at 4-6 h, and declined slowly over a week. During all this time the neutral, cation and anion fractions were sensibly constant in the proportions 86 : 10 : 4. The 14C therefore did not move towards the equilibrium of 12C-compounds in the sap. It is argued that the results do not support a hypothesis of formation of amino carbon from recent assimilate and reduced nitrate in the roots and an export of this to the shoot in the transpiration stream.

Composition chimique de sèves xylémiques du genre Lycopersicon (Solanaceae) en relation avec l'environnement. I. Effet de la température

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1942-1947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Brunet ◽  
Bruno Sarrobert ◽  
Nicole Paris-Pireyre ◽  
Ange-Marie Risterucci
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Lycopersicon Hirsutum ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Composition Chimique ◽  
Analytical Processing ◽  
Two Temperature

Two species of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. EGE12P1 and Lycopersicon hirsutum Humb. & Bonpl. ecotype LA 1777, were submitted to two temperature treatments, 20 or 10 °C. After a short study of plant growth, we analysed the chemical composition (cations, anions, and amino acids) of xylem sap by high performance liquid chromatography. A comparison of fresh weight increase at 20 and 10 °C of both plant species showed that L. hirsutum was the least affected by low temperature. The volumes of secreted sap and the quantities of ions transported showed great disturbances in the sensitive species (L. esculentum), especially in the case of potassium. In xylem sap of both species studied, but only at 10 °C, we noticed the appearance of ammonium. The possibility of contamination during analytical processing was eliminated. Moreover, determinations of amino acids levels showed that ammonium did not arise from degradation of amides present in xylem sap. In any event, the proportion of nitrate absorbed and reduced in roots increased at low temperature; it is much more important in L. hirsutum and could constitute a tolerance factor to low temperatures. Key words: ammonium, low temperature, Lycopersicon, xylem sap.

scholarly journals Free amino acids in the xylem sap of pear trees during dormancy

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1136-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anderson Carlos Marafon ◽  
Flavio Gilberto Herter ◽  
Fernando José Hawerroth ◽  
Adriana Neutzling Bierhals
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Pear Trees ◽  
Effective Use

ABSTRACT: Storage and remobilization are considered key processes for the effective use of nitrogen in temperate fruit trees. As dormancy begins, storage proteins are synthesized, coinciding with a reduction in the levels of free amino acids. Consequently, as dormancy breaks, these storage proteins are degraded, and an increase in the concentrations of amino acids occurs, in order to support new growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate water content of different vegetative tissues (buds, bark, and bole wood), volume of xylem sap, and free amino acid concentrations of xylem sap, during winter dormancy of Hosui Japanese pear trees (VL). Plant material was obtained from the Embrapa Temperate Climate experimental orchard at Pelotas, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Xylem sap was extracted from the branches with the aid of a vacuum pump, and the free amino acids were determined by gas chromatography, using the EZ kit: Faast GC/FID (Phenomenex). Water content of buds, as well as the volume of sap and concentrations of both aspartic acid and asparagine, substantially increased over time, reaching maximum values in the phase preceding sprouting.

Root uptake and xylem transport of cadmium in wheat and triticale as affected by exogenous amino acids

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Khodamoradi ◽  
A. H. Khoshgoftarmanesh ◽  
S. A. M. Mirmohammady Maibody
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Root Uptake ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Long Distance

Organic acids exuded from plant roots significantly modify uptake and long-distance translocation of metals. Little is known about the effect of amino acids on metal ion uptake by plant roots. The present study investigated the effects of exogenous amino acids (histidine and glycine) in a nutrient solution on root uptake and xylem sap transport of cadmium (Cd) in triticale (× Triticosecale cv. Elinor) and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Back Cross Rushan). Plant seedlings were grown in a Cd-free modified Hoagland nutrient solution to which 1 µm Cd was added with either 50 µm histidine or 50 µm glycine or without amino acids at 4 weeks after germination. A control treatment consisted of a nutrient solution free of Cd and amino acids. In bread wheat, addition of histidine to the Cd-containing nutrient solution resulted in a higher operationally defined symplastic Cd fraction but a lower apoplastic one in the roots. In triticale, addition of either amino acid decreased the symplastic Cd fraction but increased the apoplastic one. Addition of histidine to the nutrient solution increased Cd concentration in wheat xylem sap but had no significant effect on Cd concentration in triticale xylem sap. Compared with the Cd-only treatment, the glycine-containing treatment led to significantly reduced Cd concentrations in xylem sap of both plant species. Wheat plants supplied with histidine and Cd accumulated greater amounts of Cd in their shoots than those supplied with Cd alone. Glycine had no significant effects on the Cd content of wheat shoots but decreased it in triticale shoots. Results indicate that the effects of amino acids on plant root uptake and xylem sap translocation of Cd depend on the type of amino acid supplemented. This finding is of great importance for selecting and/or breeding cultivars with Cd-toxicity tolerance.

Changes in amino acid compounds of wheat plants during ensiling and aerobic exposure: the influence of propionic acid and urea phosphate-calcium propionate

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ashbell ◽  
H. H. Theune ◽  
D. Sklan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Butyric Acid ◽  
Urea Phosphate ◽  
Fresh Material ◽  
Calcium Propionate

SummaryChanges in distribution of amino acid nitrogen of chopped wheat plants ensiled at shooting and flowering when wilted, and at the milk and dough stages as fresh material, were determined as affected by addition of 0·8% propionic acid (PrA) or 2·2% urea phosphate-calcium propionate (UP-CaPr). Analyses were carried out after an ensiling period of 90 days and after a further aerobic exposure period (AE) of 7 days.Total amino acid (TAA) contents in the dry matter (D.M.) during the fermentation period and in the AE were stable in untreated material (UM) and treated material. Concentration of essential amino acids decreased during fermentation, this decrease being higher in the UM. The free amino acids were low in the fresh material (18·6% of TAA) but increased in the ensiled material to ca. 71 % of the TAA in the silage. In the AE this level was 63% in UM and 69% in treated material. The ammonia-N contents increased during fermentation in UM and especially in the UP-CaPr treatments, while the opposite occurred in the PrA treatments.The concentrations of and changes in 21 amino acids (AAs) are given. The highest AA concentrations recorded in the fresh material were those of arginine, lysine, glutamic acid, alanine, leucine, proline and glycine. The most marked increments in AAs as a result of fermentation were those of ornithine, γ-amino butyric acid, threonine and methionine. Marked decreases were observed in glutamine, arginine and glutamic acid. PrA increased mainly arginine, asparagine and glutamine, whereas γ-amino butyric acid decreased; UP-CaPr increased arginine, asparagine, lysine and glutamic acid (in silage only) and reduced γ-amino butyric acid and glutamine (in AE only).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document