The distribution and ultrastructure of chloroplasts in leaves differing in photosynthetic carbon metabolism. I. Wheat, Sorghum, and Aristida (Gramineae)

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Bisalputra ◽  
W. J. S. Downton ◽  
E. B. Tregunna
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Photosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Cytological Evidence ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism ◽  
High Carbon Dioxide

The ultrastructure of the chlorenchymatous tissues around the vascular bundles of three different types of grass leaves is described. In the temperate grass leaf, as exemplified by wheat, the inner mestom sheath contains proplastids. Normal chloroplasts are found only within the mesophyll cells. Smaller chloroplasts occur in cells of the ill-defined parenchymatic bundle sheath. This type of leaf has the photosynthetic pathway described by Calvin and a high carbon dioxide compensation value. In the tropical grasses, Sorghum and Aristida, the new photosynthetic pathway proposed by Hatch et al. and low carbon dioxide compensation are correlated with development of the parenchymatic bundle sheath. Cytological evidence indicates that cells of the bundle sheath are much more active than the surrounding mesophyll tissue. The specialized chloroplasts of the bundle sheath cells may be responsible for the physiological and biochemical differences between leaves of tropical and temperate grasses.

Effects of Shading on the Anatomy and Ultrastructure of the Leaf Mesophyll and Vascular Bundles of Itchgrass (Rottboellia exaltata)

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rex N. Paul ◽  
David T. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Photosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Leaf Mesophyll ◽  
Structural Relationships ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
Shading Effects ◽  
Anatomy And Ultrastructure

A study of the C4plant itchgrass (Rottboellia exaltataL.f.) grown under 100%, 60%, 25% and 2% sunlight revealed differences in the anatomy and cytology of the foliar mesophyll and vascular bundles associated with shading. In the bundle sheath, shading caused a reduction in thickness of the cell walls, shrinkage of plastids, rearrangement of plastid thylakoids, a reduction in starch deposits and vacuolization of the cytoplasm. In general, plastids and mitochondria retained membrane integrity but underwent stromal deterioration. Shading effects on cytoplasm were similar for mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. Mesophyll chloroplasts lost starch grains and the peripheral reticulum tended to decrease with greater shading. Grana were well developed at all irradiances, although the chloroplasts themselves decreased in size with shading. Movement of mesophyll chloroplasts away from bundle sheath-mesophyll borders was pronounced at 60% sunlight and was progressively greater at the two lower irradiances. These observations suggest that the structural relationships thought to be necessary for the intercellular transfer of C4acids and the functioning of the C4photosynthetic pathway were disrupted by shading.

Paraveinal mesophyll, and its relationship to vein endings, in Solidago canadensis (Asteraceae)

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 1429-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nels R. Lersten ◽  
Curt L. Brubaker
Keyword(s):  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Solidago Canadensis ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Intermediate Point ◽  
Paraveinal Mesophyll ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
Anatomical Relationship

Paraveinal mesophyll is described from leaves of a common goldenrod species, Solidago canadensis L. (tribe Astereae). This is the first report of paraveinal mesophyll from the Asteraceae. It is a uniseriate middle layer consisting of horizontally lobed cells that form a lacy meshwork between veins. It abuts the tightly cylindrical bundle sheath at the level of the xylem in all vascular bundles. Vein endings, however, differ from other vascular bundles in two ways: sieve tube members may extend to the vein tip, end at an intermediate point, or be absent, and lateral bundle sheath cells distal to the terminal sieve tube member swell greatly or protrude horizontally and interdigitate with adjacent paraveinal mesophyll cells. Cells of both paraveinal mesophyll and bundle sheath have fewer and smaller chloroplasts than other mesophyll cells; the chloroplasts mostly lie adjacent to intercellular spaces. During leaf development, the paraveinal mesophyll layer differentiates before other mesophyll layers. Solidago canadensis paraveinal mesophyll resembles the well-studied paraveinal mesophyll of Glycine max, except for differences in its anatomical relationship to minor veins and vein endings.

Kranz distinctive cells in the culm of ArundineUa (Arundinelleae; Panicoideae; Poaceae)

Bothalia ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelina Sanchez ◽  
Mirta O. Arriaga ◽  
Roger P. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Peripheral Zone ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Photosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Mestome Sheath ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
Chlorenchyma Cell ◽  
Sheath Cells

The transectional anatomy of photosynthetic flowering culms of Arundinella berteroniana (Schult.) Hitchc. Chase and A. hispida (Willd.) Kuntze from South America and A.  nepalensis Trin. from Africa is described and illustrated. The vascular bundles are arranged in three distinct rings, the outermost being external to a continuous sclerenchymatous band. Each of these peripheral bundles is surrounded by two bundle sheaths, a complete mestome sheath and an incomplete, outer, parenchymatous Kranz sheath, the cells of which contain large, specialized chloroplasts. Kranz bundle sheath extensions are also present. The chlorenchyma tissue is also located in this narrow peripheral zone and is interrupted by the vascular bundles and their associated sclerenchyma. Dispersed throughout the chlorenchyma are small groups of Kranz distinctive cells, identical in structure to the outer bundle sheath cells. No chlorenchyma cell is. therefore, more than two cells distant from a Kranz cell. The structure of the chlorenchyma and bundle sheaths indicates that the C4 photosynthetic pathway is operative in these culms. This study clearly demonstrates the presence of the peculiar distinctive cells in the culms as well as in the leaves of Arundinella. Also of interest is the presence of an inner bundle sheath in the vascular bundles of the culm whereas the bundles of the leaves possess only a single sheath. It has already been shown that Arundinella is a NADP-me C4 type and the anatomical predictor of a single Kranz sheath for NADP-me species, therefore, either does not hold in the culms of this genus or the culms are not NADP-me. This is only the second reported breakdown of this association between MS anatomy and the NADP-me biochemical C4 type.

The distribution and ultrastructure of chloroplasts in leaves differing in photosynthetic carbon metabolism. II. Atriplex rosea and Atriplex hastata (Chenopodiaceae)

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 915-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. S. Downton ◽  
T. Bisalputra ◽  
E. B. Tregunna
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Carbon Metabolism ◽  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
Photosynthetic Carbon ◽  
Changing Roles ◽  
Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism ◽  
Maximum Development

Some aspects of chloroplast development for parenchymatic bundle sheath cells and mesophyll cells of Atriplex rosea leaves are described. The mesophyll chloroplasts begin to degenerate when the bundle sheath chloroplasts have reached a stage of maximum development. These events are related to the changing roles of the two types of chloroplasts in carbon dioxide assimilation. Leaves of Atriplex rosea are similar to those of tropical grasses in leaf anatomy, photosynthetic carbon metabolism, and CO2 compensation value. Atriplex hastata differs from A. rosea in leaf anatomy and is photosynthetically similar to the temperate grasses. There is a lack of parenchymatic sheath development and the chloroplasts which surround the vascular bundle are ultrastructurally identical with those in the rest of the mesophyll.

scholarly journals Transmission of Engineered Plastids in Sugarcane, a C4 Monocotyledonous Plant, Reveals that Sorting of Preprogrammed Progenitor Cells Produce Heteroplasmy

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Ghulam Mustafa ◽  
Muhammad Sarwar Khan
Keyword(s):  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Plastid Transformation ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Homologous Sequence ◽  
Regeneration System ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Transgenic Sugarcane ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
Dicotyledonous Plants ◽  
Species Specific

We report here plastid transformation in sugarcane using biolistic transformation and embryogenesis-based regeneration approaches. Somatic embryos were developed from unfurled leaf sections, containing preprogrammed progenitor cells, to recover transformation events on antibiotic-containing regeneration medium. After developing a proficient regeneration system, the FLARE-S (fluorescent antibiotic resistance enzyme, spectinomycin and streptomycin) expression cassette that carries species-specific homologous sequence tails was used to transform plastids and track gene transmission and expression in sugarcane. Plants regenerated from streptomycin-resistant and genetically confirmed shoots were subjected to visual detection of the fluorescent enzyme using a fluorescent stereomicroscope, after genetic confirmation. The resultant heteroplasmic shoots remained to segregate on streptomycin-containing MS medium, referring to the unique pattern of division and sorting of cells in C4 monocotyledonous compared to C3 monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants since in sugarcane bundle sheath and mesophyll cells are distinct and sort independently after division. Hence, the transformation of either mesophyll or bundle sheath cells will develop heteroplasmic transgenic plants, suggesting the transformation of both types of cells. Whilst developed transgenic sugarcane plants are heteroplasmic, and selection-based regeneration protocol envisaging the role of division and sorting of cells in the purification of transplastomic demands further improvement, the study has established many parameters that may open up exciting possibilities to express genes of agricultural or pharmaceutical importance in sugarcane.

Nitrate metabolism in relation to the aspartate-type C-4 pathway of photosynthesis in Eleusine coracana

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 2599-2605 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. M. Rathnam ◽  
V. S. R. Das
Keyword(s):  
Glutamate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Eleusine Coracana ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Chloroplast Envelope ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
Nitrate Metabolism ◽  
Type C ◽  
Envelope Membranes ◽  
Sheath Cells

The intercellular and intracellular distributions of nitrate assimilating enzymes were studied. Nitrate reductase was found to be localized on the chloroplast envelope membranes. The chloroplastic NADPH – glutamate dehydrogenase was concentrated in the mesophyll cells. The extrachloroplastic NADH – glutamate dehydrogenase was localized in the bundle sheath cells. Glutamate synthesized in the mesophyll chloroplasts was interpreted to be utilized exclusively in the synthesis of aspartate, while in the bundle sheath cells it was thought to be consumed in other cellular metabolic processes. Based on the results, a scheme is proposed to account for the nitrate metabolism in the leaves of Eleusine coracana Gaertn. in relation to its aspartate-type C-4 pathway of photosynthesis.

Phenolic Deposits and Kranz Syndrome in Leaf Tissues of Spotted (Euphorbia maculata) and Prostrate (Euphorbia supina) Spurge

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Dennis Elmore ◽  
Rex N. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Fixation Technique ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Kranz Anatomy ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Sheath Cells

Spotted spurge (Euphorbia maculataL.) and prostrate spurge (E. supinaRaf.), both in subgenusChamesyce,were examined by light and electron microscopy using a caffeine - fixation technique to sequester the phenolic pools intercellularly. Both species have typical dicotyledon-type Kranz anatomy. Sequestered phenolic pools were located in vacuoles in epidermal and mesophyll cells. Only in spotted spurge, however, were additional phenolic pools formed in bundle - sheath cells. This study was undertaken because allelopathy has been demonstrated in prostrate spurge and because phenolic compounds have been implicated in allelopathy. These results would indicate that spotted spurge should also be allelopathic.

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