A comparison of cambial activity of white spruce in Alaska and New England

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 733-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Gregory ◽  
Brayton F. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
New England ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
Tracheid Production

White spruce trees (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) producing annually the same number of tracheids had a much shorter season for cambial activity in Alaska (65° N) than in New England (43° N). We counted the number of potential dividing cells in the cambial zone (NCZ) and estimated the rate of cell division by determining the percentage of cambial zone cells in mitosis (MI) for trees of different vigor (annual tracheid production) from each region during the early summer period of relatively constant mitotic activity. Within each region, NCZ was dependent on tree vigor and MI was independent of tree vigor. Rate of tracheid production was higher in Alaskan trees because of their higher rate of cell division (higher MI).

A new endoconidial black meristematic genus, Atramixtia, associated with declining white spruce and phylogenetically allied to a lineage of dothidealean conifer pathogens

Botany ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 323-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tsuneda ◽  
M.L. Davey ◽  
R.S. Currah
Keyword(s):  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Natural Substrate ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
Granular Matrix ◽  
Phylogenetic Affinities

An endoconidial, black meristematic taxon Atramixtia arboricola gen. et. sp. nov. (Dothideales) from the black subicula found on twigs of declining white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, in Alberta is described. It is morphologically distinguishable from other endoconidial taxa by the conidioma composed of clumps of endoconidial conidiogenous cells, scattered meristematically dividing cells, dematiaceous hyphae, abundant brown, granular matrix materials, and sometimes plant tissue. Endoconidia also occur in conidiogenous cellular clumps that are not organized into a conidioma but develop directly from stromatic cells on the bark. In culture, it forms similar endoconidial conidiomata and also a mycelial, blastic synanamorph that superficially resembles Hormonema . Atramixtia arboricola is a member of the Dothideales and shows phylogenetic affinities to a clade of conifer-stem and -needle pathogens, including Sydowia and Delphinella , although no teleomorph was found either on the natural substrate or in culture. It has not been determined whether A. arboricola is pathogenic to its host, but the occurrence of abundant intracellular hyphae in the host periderm suggests that the fungus is at least parasitic.

SEASONAL CAMBIAL ACTIVITY OF RELICT CHINESE PINE AT THE NORTHERN LIMIT OF ITS NATURAL DISTRIBUTION IN NORTH CHINA – EXPLORATORY RESULTS

IAWA Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eryuan Liang ◽  
Dieter Eckstein ◽  
Xuemei Shao
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
North China ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Pinus Tabulaeformis ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Daily Minimum Temperature ◽  
Northern Limit ◽  
Natural Distribution ◽  
Chinese Pine ◽  
Cambial Zone

The seasonal dynamics of cambial activity of Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) was studied at the northern limit of its natural distribution in a semi-arid grassland ecosystem in North China. We collected micro-cores from five even-aged trees at weekly intervals from April 15 to September 16, 2006. Cell division in the cambial zone of these trees started within the third week of May. In June and July the rate of xylem cell production was highest and around mid-August cell division ended. However, cell-wall formation was not yet completed around mid-September. The cell-division period appears to coincide with the time of highest monsoon precipitation and of above 0 °C daily minimum temperature. Moreover, the cambium activity period seems to be in agreement with the time of the highest number of sunshine hours/day. These preliminary results are important for dendroclimatic studies with Chinese pine in North China and can furthermore be used as a benchmark for future monitoring activities in ecologically similar areas.

Somatic embryogenesis in Picea glauca (white spruce) and Picea mariana (black spruce)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 656-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inger Hakman ◽  
Larry C. Fowke
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Vacuolated Cells

Embryogenic callus was initiated from immature embryos of Picea glauca (white spruce) and Picea mariana (black spruce) cultured on defined media supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (1 × 10−5 M), N6-benzyladenine (5 × 10−6 M), and 1% sucrose. Seeds from cones stored at 4 °C for up to 3 months yielded embryogenic callus. Much higher frequencies of embryogenic callus were obtained from white spruce than from black spruce. Embryogenic callus contained loosely organized cells and somatic embryos of various sizes. The embryos consisted of a cluster of tiny dividing cells (embryonic region) with attached large vacuolated cells (suspensor region). Upon subculture of embrogenic callus to media either lacking growth regulators or with reduced concentrations (5 × 10−7 M, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 5 × 10−6 M N6-benzyladenine) somatic embryos could be stimulated to develop into plantlets.

Microtubule organization and cell division in embryogenie protoplast cultures of white spruce (Picea glauca)

PROTOPLASMA ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 158 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 86-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Fowke ◽  
S. M. Attree ◽  
H. Wang ◽  
D. I. Dunstan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Microtubule Organization

Seasonal Variations in Endogenous Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Abscisic Acid in the Cambial Region of Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. Stems in Relation to Earlywood-Latewood Transition and Cessation of Tracheid Production

Holzforschung ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Funada ◽  
T. Kubo ◽  
M. Tabuchi ◽  
T. Sugiyama ◽  
M. Fushitani
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid ◽  
Lower Stem ◽  
Tracheid Production

Summary Seasonal changes in the total amount (measured as ng cm−2) of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in the cambial region of Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. trees with crowns of different sizes were determined at different stem heights. The total amount of IAA varied seasonally in all trees and at all stem positions, being maximal in early summer (May or July). In a tree with a large crown, the total amount of IAA remained high after peaking and declined in autumn, whereas in a tree with small crown it decreased rapidly after peaking, in particular in the lower stem. The transition from earlywood to latewood occurred concurrently with the decrease in the total amount of IAA after it had peaked, suggesting the involvement of IAA in the control of latewood formation. Cessation of the production of tracheids also paralleled the decline in the total amount of IAA early in the growing season in the lower stem of the tree with a small crown, but not in the tree with a large crown. Thus, other factors in addition to declining IAA seem to be involved in halting the production of the tracheids. The total amount of ABA was lower than that of IAA in all trees and at all stem heights, and changes were not correlated with specific changes during the annual cycle of cambial activity and dormancy.

Cell grouping and primary wall generations in the cambial zone, xylem, and phloem in Pinus

1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Mother Cell ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Radial Direction ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Tangential Direction ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Photographic Evidence ◽  
Secondary Wall Deposition ◽  
Cambial Zone

The use of the term cambium, or equivalent terms, in modern literature is discussed. The term cambial zone adopted in this paper includes the cambial initial and the dividing and enlarging cells. The tissue mother cell produced at each division of the initial produces a group of four cells in xylem or two cells in phloem. Theoretical constructs have been made for xylem and phloem production by associating the concepts that xylem and phloem are produced in alternate series of initial divisions and that a new primary wall is deposited around each daughter protoplast at each cell division. Correlations are derived from the theoretical constructs for the thickness of primary wall layers lying in the tangential direction and of those lying in the radial direction at progressive histological levels. Deductions from theoretical constructs are made when the initial is producing xylem, when it changes its polarity from xylem to phloem production, and when the reverse change occurs. Most of the theoretical deductions are supported by photographic evidence. The chief point of this study is the demonstration of generations (multiplicity) of primary parental walls. The term intercellular material proposed in this paper includes the cell plate plus any remnants of ancestral primary walls between the current primary walls surrounding the adjacent protoplasts. This term is still applicable to cells where secondary wall deposition is taking place or has been completed.

WHITE SPRUCE AND THE SPRUCE BUDWORM: DEFINING THE PHENOLOGICAL WINDOW OF SUSCEPTIBILITY

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K. Lawrence ◽  
William J. Mattson ◽  
Robert A. Haack
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Foliar Traits

AbstractSynchrony of insect and host tree phenologies has often been suggested as an important factor influencing the susceptibility of white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, and other hosts to the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). We evaluated this hypothesis by caging several cohorts of spruce budworm larvae on three white spruce populations at different phenological stages of the host trees, and then comparing budworm performance with host phenology and variation of 13 foliar traits. The beginning of the phenological window of susceptibility in white spruce occurs several weeks prior to budbreak, and the end of the window is sharply defined by the end of shoot growth. Performance was high for the earliest budworm cohorts that we tested. These larvae began feeding 3–4 weeks prior to budbreak and completed their larval development prior to the end of shoot elongation. Optimal synchrony occurred when emergence preceded budbreak by about 2 weeks. Larval survival was greater than 60% for individuals starting development 1–3 weeks prior to budbreak, but decreased to less than 10% for those starting development 2 or more weeks after budbreak and thus completing development after shoot elongation ceased. High performance by the budworm was most strongly correlated with high levels of foliar nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, copper, sugars, and water and low levels of foliar calcium, phenolics, and toughness. These results suggest that advancing the usual phenological window of white spruce (i.e. advancing budbreak prior to larval emergence) or retarding budworm phenology can have a large negative effect on the spruce budworm’s population dynamics.

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