THE ROOT SYSTEM OF LINARIA VULGARIS MILL. II: DIFFERENTIATION OF ROOT TYPES

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Linaria Vulgaris ◽  
Primary Xylem ◽  
Root Apices ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Root Types

The relationship has been investigated between stelar diameter, complexity, and the presence or absence of secondary growth in roots of Linaria vulgaris. Diameter and complexity of the primary xylem body were used as parameters. The presence of secondary growth is considered to be a character of roots developing as long roots. The long roots are responsible for the vegetative propagation of the plant. The frequency of occurrence of secondary growth tends to increase both with stelar diameter and complexity, but secondary growth can occur in roots of any size and complexity. Any root appears to be capable of developing as a long root but the larger roots have a greater chance of so doing. It is thought that roots which are developing as long roots inhibit other roots from such development; probably the larger root apices in any given plant are more capable of escaping from or exerting such inhibition.

Studies on the anomalous cambial activity in Doxantha unguis-cati (Bignoniaceae). I. Development of the vascular pattern

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 2101-2106 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Dobbins
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Vascular Pattern ◽  
Internode Elongation ◽  
Primary Xylem ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cell Zone

The development of the vascular pattern was studied in Doxantha unguis-cati as a prelude to correlating the vascular system to the anomalous cambial activity observed in the mature stem. The shoot apex of this liana has a two-layered mantle covering a corpus of a mother cell zone and a flanking meristem. Just below the shoot apex a cylinder of procambium differentiates. The first primary phloem can be recognized in the third internode and the first primary xylem in the fourth or fifth internodes. As the internodes elongate so do the procambial cells. The cells of the pith, on the other hand, are shorter than the procambial cells and accommodate to the extensive internode elongation by cell division. The vascular system of the young shoot includes not only bundles, but also individual strands of phloem. The stem has multilacunar nodes from which five bundles and two phloem strands depart into each of the oppositely paired leaves. Within the stem there are four continuous bundles to which all other bundles connect. The location of these four bundles corresponds to the formation of the characteristic anomalous cambium observed in the secondary growth of the older stem. The relationship between the vascular pattern of D. unguis-cati to other vascular patterns is also discussed.

THE ROOT SYSTEM OF LINARIA VULGARIS MILL.: I. MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 1111-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Linaria Vulgaris ◽  
Vertical Growth ◽  
Horizontal Growth ◽  
Root Tissues ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Root Buds

The morphology and anatomy of the root system of Linaria vulgaris is described. The invasive behavior of the plant is related to the growth habit of the root system and to the formation of buds on the roots. The root system is described in terms of a framework of vigorous long roots, each passing through a phase of horizontal growth followed by a phase of vertical growth. Long roots bear lateral roots which mostly appear to be of restricted growth; long roots of the next order are generally initiated in the region where the direction of growth of the parent long root changed. Any lateral root is thought to be potentially capable of developing as a long root. There are no qualitative grounds for a separation of long and short roots, though most roots are restricted in their growth. Bud initiation is a feature only of roots which have developed as long roots. Root buds are not formed from the long root tissues, but from the bases of some of the lateral roots of the long roots, always in regions where the parent long root passed over from horizontal to vertical growth, and occasionally on the horizontal parts of long roots. Bud formation has only been found to occur when some secondary growth is present in the parent long root.

scholarly journals Brassinosteroids Mitigate Cadmium Effects in Arabidopsis Root System without Any Cooperation with Nitric Oxide

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 825
Author(s):  
Federica Della Rovere ◽  
Diego Piacentini ◽  
Laura Fattorini ◽  
Nicoletta Girardi ◽  
Dario Bellanima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Root System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Quiescent Center ◽  
No Donor ◽  
Arabidopsis Root ◽  
Root System Development ◽  
Root Apices ◽  
Root Types

The heavy metal cadmium (Cd) affects root system development and quiescent center (QC)-definition in Arabidopsis root-apices. The brassinosteroids-(BRs)-mediated tolerance to heavy metals has been reported to occur by a modulation of nitric oxide (NO) and root auxin-localization. However, how BRs counteract Cd-action in different root types is unknown. This research aimed to find correlations between BRs and NO in response to Cd in Arabidopsis’s root system, monitoring their effects on QC-definition and auxin localization in root-apices. To this aim, root system developmental changes induced by low levels of 24-epibrassinolide (eBL) or by the BR-biosynthesis inhibitor brassinazole (Brz), combined or not with CdSO4, and/or with the NO-donor nitroprusside (SNP), were investigated using morpho-anatomical and NO-epifluorescence analyses, and monitoring auxin-localization by the DR5::GUS system. Results show that eBL, alone or combined with Cd, enhances lateral (LR) and adventitious (AR) root formation and counteracts QC-disruption and auxin-delocalization caused by Cd in primary root/LR/AR apices. Exogenous NO enhances LR and AR formation in Cd-presence, without synergism with eBL. The NO-signal is positively affected by eBL, but not in Cd-presence, and BR-biosynthesis inhibition does not change the low NO-signal caused by Cd. Collectively, results show that BRs ameliorate Cd-effects on all root types acting independently from NO.

EFFECT OF SPACING AND CLUMPING OF CORN PLANTS ON DENSITY OF CORN-ROOTWORM LARVAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) PER ROOT SYSTEM

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Piedrahita ◽  
C. R. Ellis ◽  
O. B. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Relative Density ◽  
Root System ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Corn Rootworms ◽  
Corn Plants ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Field Plots

AbstractThe relative density of corn-rootworm larvae was estimated in two field plots with 4 different plant spacings and with up to 4 plants clumped per location. In both fields the relationship between plant spacing and the number of corn rootworms per sample was similar with the maximum number of larvae occurring when plants were 46 or 50 cm apart. The number of plants clumped per location affected the numbers of corn rootworm in only one field. The relationship between clumping of plants and number of corn rootworms was curvilinear in this field with the most corn rootworms occurring at 3 plants per location.

scholarly journals Genetic and phenotypic associations between root architecture, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonisation and low phosphate tolerance instrawberry (Fragaria × ananassa)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Maria Cockerton ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
Eleftheria Stavridou ◽  
Abigail Johnson ◽  
Amanda Karlström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root System ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
System Size ◽  
Nutrient Depletion ◽  
Depletion Zone ◽  
Root System Size ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background: Phosphate is an essential plant macronutrient required to achieve maximum crop yield. Roots are able to uptake soil phosphate from the immediate root area, thus creating a nutrient depletion zone. Many plants are able to exploit phosphate from beyond this root nutrient depletion zone through symbiotic association with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF). Here we characterise the relationship between root architecture, AMF association and low phosphate tolerance in strawberries. The contrasting root architecture in the parental strawberry cultivars ‘Redgauntlet’ and ‘Hapil’ was studied through a mapping population of 168 progeny. Low phosphate tolerance and AMF association was quantified for each genotype to allow assessment of the phenotypic and genotypic relationships between traits. Results: A “phosphate scavenging” root phenotype where individuals exhibit a high proportion of surface lateral roots was associated with a reduction in root system size across genotypes. A genetic correlation between “root system size” traits was observed with a network of pleiotropic QTL were found to represent five “root system size” traits. By contrast, average root diameter and the distribution of roots appeared to be under two discrete methods of genetic control. A total of 18 QTL were associated with plant traits, 4 of which were associated with solidity that explained 46 % of the observed variation. Investigations into the relationship between AMF association and root architecture found that a higher root density was associated with greater AMF colonisation across genotypes. However, no phenotypic correlation or genotypic association was found between low phosphate tolerance and the propensity for AMF association, nor root architectural traits when plants are grown under optimal nutrient conditions.Conclusions: Understanding the genetic relationships underpinning phosphate capture can inform the breeding of strawberry varieties with better nutrient use efficiency. Solid root systems were associated with greater AMF colonisation. However, low P-tolerance was not phenotypically or genotypically associated with root architecture traits in strawberry plants. Furthermore, a trade-off was observed between root system size and root architecture type, highlighting the energetic costs associated with a “phosphate scavenging” root architecture.

scholarly journals Patterns of the aquatic macrophyte cover in Cachoeira Dourada Reservoir (GO-MG)

2005 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M Bini ◽  
L. G Oliveira ◽  
D. C Souza ◽  
P. Carvalho ◽  
M. P. Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Macrophytes ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Aquatic Macrophyte ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Frequent Species ◽  
Eichhornia Azurea ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Macrophyte Cover

The relationship between the aquatic macrophyte cover in upper segments of tributaries and this cover in these tributaries but near the reservoir's main body was tested. Sixteen taxa belonging to 12 families of aquatic macrophytes were recorded in Cachoeira Dourada Reservoir. The most frequent species were Eichhornia azurea (frequency of occurrence = 92%; n = 37 sites) and E. crassipes (44%). Upper segments of the tributaries were the main areas colonized by these aquatic macrophytes. The positive relationship between the aquatic macrophyte cover between the upper and lower segments of tributaries indicates the importance of dispersion in the colonization of the arms and the reservoir's main body.

The relationship between root system development and vernalization under contrasting irrigation in bread wheat lines with the introgressions from a synthetic hexaploid

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-595
Author(s):  
Tatyana A. Pshenichnikova ◽  
Olga G. Smirnova ◽  
Alexander V. Simonov ◽  
Ludmila V. Shchukina ◽  
Evgeniya V. Morozova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
System Development ◽  
Root System Development ◽  
Synthetic Hexaploid ◽  
Wheat Lines ◽  
The Relationship

Autism Symptom Topography and Maternal Socioemotional Functioning

2010 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Ekas ◽  
Thomas L. Whitman
Keyword(s):  
Social Impact ◽  
Maternal Outcomes ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Substantial Portion ◽  
Symptom Dimensions ◽  
Socioemotional Functioning ◽  
Autism Symptomatology ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Symptom Type

Abstract Researchers examining the relationship of autism symptomatology and maternal stress have defined symptomatology in terms of level of severity, frequency of occurrence, or symptom type. In the present study, the relationship of maternal perceptions of these dimensions, along with a fourth, symptom diversity, and negative and positive indices of maternal socioemotional functioning was evaluated. Results indicate that each of these symptom dimensions was correlated with most of the measures of negative socioemotional status, together accounting for a substantial portion of the variance in these outcomes. The dimensions were especially robust predictors of negative but not positive maternal outcomes. The need for a systematic multidimensional assessment to evaluate autism symptomatology and its social impact was discussed.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION IN LINARIA VULGARIS

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trilochan S. Bakshi ◽  
Robert T. Coupland
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Adventitious Buds ◽  
Open Type ◽  
Linaria Vulgaris

Vegetative propagation in Linaria vulgaris is obtained by the development of numerous adventitious buds on its roots. Each bud originates exogenously on the parent root, and it is always associated with a lateral root which arises in the pericycle opposite a protoxylem point. Buds capable of vegetative propagation are not found on either the hypocotyl or the stem. This appears to be correlated with the absence in roots of the typical open type of lenticels and of any significant accumulation of starch. Soil disturbance seems to have a deleterious effect on the production of buds on roots.

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