EXPLANATION OF POLE BLIGHT FROM RESPONSES OF SEEDLINGS GROWN IN MODIFIED ENVIRONMENTS

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles D. Leaphart ◽  
Ed F. Wicker
Keyword(s):  
Height Growth ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Characteristic Growth

Seedlings of Douglas fir, grand fir, western larch, western red cedar, and western white pine were grown in modified environments for four growing seasons to see whether characteristic growth responses of roots and shoots might suggest a cause for pole blight of white pine. Environments included three soil profiles (topsoil, hardpan, and rock) and two moisture regimes (adequate and deficient).Of several variable characteristics of growth, total root weight was the only significant source of variation in diameter and height growth of white pine. Of all five species, white pine also appeared least efficient in competing for moisture on all soil types and was least able to adapt to soils having inadequate available moisture and low potential for recharge. The lack of response to poor environment can result in imbalance of root/shoot ratios. If this imbalance of root/shoot ratios can subsequently cause internal physiological stresses during droughty periods, these stresses, in turn, may cause deterioration of the root system and consequent decline in tree vigor, both of which usually precede appearance of pole blight.

HERITABILITY AND GAIN CALCULATIONS FOR SIX-YEAR HEIGHT OF COASTAL WESTERN WHITE PINE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1191-1196
Author(s):  
R. C. BOWER ◽  
F. C. YEH
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
Family Selection ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Multistage Selection

Height growth for western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.) after five growing seasons (6 yr from seed) in the forest on Vancouver Island was assessed in a progeny test of 20 wind-pollinated families in two plantations: Northwest Bay (830 m) and Cassidy (20 m). Mean height differed at the 0.1% level of significance between plantations, with the better growth at Cassidy. Family mean heights differed at the 10, 1 and 5% levels of significance at Cassidy, Northwest Bay, and combined over plantations, respectively. Family-by-plantation interaction was nonsignificant. Pooled over plantations, the heritability estimates appropriate for mass and family selection were 0.36 ± 0.20 and 0.54 ± 0.28, respectively. The expected genetic gain estimates from multistage selection are used to provide preliminary guidelines for strategies which might be employed in the improvement of height growth of western white pine in coastal British Columbia.Key words: Western white pine, height, heritability, genetic gains

scholarly journals Height growth determinants and adaptation to temperature in pines: a case study of Pinus contorta and Pinus monticola

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 1059-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Chuine ◽  
Gerald E Rehfeldt ◽  
Sally N Aitken
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Western White Pine

In this study we aimed to compare and explain the height growth performance of two contrasting pine species: lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex. Loud) and western white pine(Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don.). We compiled measurements of total height growth at different ages and shoot elongation phenology realized in several provenance test trials for 109 provenances of lodgepole pine and 54 provenances of western white pine. The response of shoot elongation to temperature was assessed using a phenological model fitted on provenance mean growth curves. Although total height growth followed the same geographic trends in both species, the response of shoot elongation to temperature was different between the two, with few (lodgepole pine) or no differences among provenances (western white pine) from diverse geographic regions. The temperature for which potential cell growth rate is 50% was 10.8 ± 0.13 °C (mean ± standard error) for western white pine compared to 5.26 ± 0.075 °C for lodgepole pine. Phenology did not explain growth performance differences among geographical regions in both species, which instead were explained by differences in the number of internodes set the preceding summer; provenances originating from stressful environments produced the fewest internodes, possibly due to reallocation of carbohydrates to stress resistance.

NOTES ON THE SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT OF MEDETERA ALDRICHII WHEELER (DIPTERA. DOLICHOPIDAE) AS A PREDATOR OF THE DOUGLAS FIR BARK-BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PSEUDOTSUGAE HOPKINS (1)

1947 ◽  
Vol 79 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 150-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
George R. Hopping
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Dendroctonus Pseudotsugae ◽  
Western Larch ◽  
Field Station ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Western White Pine

In 1935, De Leon published a comprehensive paper on Medetera aldrichii as a predator ol Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk., in western white pine and lodgepole pine in Washington. The following data may prove of value because a different species of bark-beetle is involved and additional information is given. The observations were made in 1941 and 1942 at the Trinity Valley Forest Insect Field Station, 22 miles from Vernon. This locality is 2,100 feet above sea level in a mixed timber stand of western larch, Douglas fir, western red cedar, Engelmann spruce, western hemlock, and western white pine. D. pseudotsugae breeds in Douglas fir, and occasionally in western larch.

scholarly journals Early Height Growth of Western White Pine Provenances in British Columbia Plantations

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Meagher ◽  
R. S. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Seed Transfer ◽  
Geographic Patterns ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
A Site

Abstract To estimate the limits of seed transfer to and within British Columbia, heights of 36 western white pine (Pinus monticola) provenances 5-13 yr after planting on 24 sites, comprising 4 studies, were analyzed for geographic patterns. Thirty-six provenances were tested, with a maximum of 17 on a site. California and Oregon sources are not recommended due to poor height growth. Percentage differences between tallest and shortest provenances varied from 16% to 31%, depending on plantation series. Washington State and Idaho sources can be used on coastal sites but are not recommended on northern-interior sites. Northern-interior provenances are recommended for local sites, especially those beyond the species' natural range. The data support establishment of separate seed orchards, one for each of the coastal and interior portions of this disjunct species. West. J. Appl. For. 13(2):47-53.

scholarly journals Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) Growth Response to Partial Hardwood Overstory Release

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus.J. Puettmann ◽  
Mike R. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Initial Size ◽  
Initial Height ◽  
Partial Release

Abstract We measured the response of white pine (Pinus strobus L.) saplings after partial release of a hardwood overstory on three sites in central Minnesota. Both height and diameter growth increased quickly after release compared to prerelease growth. Diameter growth response was related to prerelease diameter growth, but not to initial size of the sapling (diameter at time of release). On the other hand, height growth response was strongly influenced by the initial height of all trees, but not related to prerelease height growth in the largest saplings (initial heights > 8.76 m). Increased release intensity (i.e., difference between prerelease and postrelease overstory densities) resulted in higher diameter and height growth responses. The height/diameter ratios decreased after release, indicating that stability as well as growth increased after the release. North. J. Appl. For. 17(3):89–94.

scholarly journals Frequency of Resistant Western White Pine Seedlings from Parents of Different Phenotypes

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.S. Hunt ◽  
G.D. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Stem Bark ◽  
The Other ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Infection Spot ◽  
Control Tree

Abstract Seedlings from different western white pine (Pinus monticola) parent phenotypes were inoculated with blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) to determine how they compared to the British Columbia standard candidate phenotype (canker-free with all branches retained) in their ability to produce resistant seedlings. Comparisons were separated into two seed zones, coastal and interior, as well as pooled. The phenotypic categories were: (1) standard candidate, (2) standard candidate except lacking lower branches, (3) standard candidate except for bark reactions in the stem, (4) standard candidate except for stem bark reactions and closer than 100 m to a similar candidate (Texada phenotype), (5) standard candidate except for a tolerant reaction to a basal canker, (6) standard candidate except for a single canker high in the crown, (7) normally cankered trees, (8) USDA Forest Service selections for Dorena, OR, and (9) bulked forest run seedlots. Open-pollinated offspring from parents were inoculated each fall from 1987-1995, and infection spots were tallied the following spring. All seedling infection spot values were normalized to seedlings from a control tree, which were included in each inoculation. The progeny from bulk seedlots and the Texada phenotype were significantly more spotted than the other phenotypes. The least spotted families (top 1/6) were predominantly from the standard, cankered, and bark-reaction phenotypes. Resistance of individual seedlings was detected by annual inspection and recording slow-canker-growth responses up to 7 yr post-inoculation. None of the progeny from bulk seedlots or the control exhibited slow canker growth. There was no significant difference among the progeny of the other eight parental phenotypes in the incidence of slow-canker-growth resistance. Of these eight, only normally cankered candidates failed to have any families rank in the top one-sixth for the most slow-canker-growth resistance. However, since the sample size was small for normally cankered, high cankered, and tolerant phenotype, the results are considered preliminarily. Since we consider slow-canker-growth resistance to be most useful, we recommended that future selection programs for parents include relaxed rule bark reaction and no lower branch phenotypes. West. J. Appl. For. 16(4):149-152.

scholarly journals Early Growth Responses of Naturally Regenerated Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.) to Partial Release from Juvenile Aspen and Pathological Pruning

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric K. Zenner ◽  
Klaus J. Puettmann ◽  
Jerome A. Krueger
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Recession Rates ◽  
Partial Release

Abstract Height, breast height diameter, and basal diameter growth responses of 7- to 12-year-old naturally regenerated eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) to partial release from juvenile (15-year-old) trembling and bigtooth aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx. and Populus grandidentata Michx.) and pathological pruning were monitored over four growing seasons. Pathological pruning is the removal of disease-infected branches before the disease can reach the stem or the removal of lower branches that are most susceptible to infection. Results indicated that seedling growth responses to release and pruning depended strongly on the height stratum to which a seedling belonged. Whereas growth rates of small white pine up to 190 cm tall were significantly reduced by increasing aspen densities and by pruning, growth rates of white pine taller than 190 cm were not significantly affected by either aspen density or pruning. Effects of pruning on small white pine were restricted to the first 2 years after release, after which growth rates were similar between pruned and unpruned individuals. This likely was due to natural crown recession of unpruned white pine, which brought crown lengths and crown ratios closer to those of pruned individuals. Besides affecting natural crown recession rates and growth of small unpruned white pines, release intensity also affected upper stratum aspen, which responded vigorously to release. Findings of this study suggest that early release from upper stratum juvenile aspen should enable the conversion of an aspen cover type to a mixture of aspen and white pine, but may have to be followed up by repeated interventions into the upper canopy stratum. It is, however, questionable if the expense of pruning to prevent blister-rust infections under a partial canopy is warranted. North. J. Appl. For. 22(1):27–34.

scholarly journals Evaluating Growth and Resistance of Eastern and Western White Pine to White Pine Weevil and Blister Rust in the Northeast

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn C. Pike ◽  
Daniel J. Robison ◽  
Charles A. Maynard ◽  
Lawrence P. Abrahamson
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Sib Families ◽  
White Pine Weevil

Abstract Eastern white pine is highly susceptible to damage from white pine weevil, and to some extent white pine blister rust, in the northeastern United States. Western white pine has shown resistance to the weevil, but is highly susceptible to blister rust in the West. Objectives of this study were to compare the growth and resistance of eastern and western white pine to damage from the weevil and blister rust and to identify families of western white pine suitable for planting in the East. A field trial containing 76 half-sib families of western white pine and two half-sib families of eastern white pine was established in 1983 at two sites, one each in New York and Maine. After 14 yr, tree height and diameters were measured, and resistance to weevil and rust assessed. Tree height and diameters were significantly greater for eastern white pine than western white pine. Western white pine sustained approximately fourfold less weevil damage at both sites, but was more impacted by rust at one site. Cluster and discriminant analyses were used to group families using three variables: height growth, resistance to weevil, and resistance to blister rust. One single group combined superior height growth with moderate resistance to both pests. Selections made from within these families have the most promise for planting western white pine in the East. North. J. Appl. For. 20(1):19–26.

Soybean Oil Used as an Alternative Pesticide on Nursery Stock

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 485d-485
Author(s):  
A.L. Lancaster ◽  
D.E. Deyton ◽  
C.E. Sams ◽  
C.D. Pless ◽  
D.C. Fare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Blue Color ◽  
Water Control ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blue Star ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Japanese Garden ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Fine Spray ◽  
Petroleum Oil

Research was conducted to determine if soybean oil sprays may substitute for petroleum oil for control of insects on nursery crops. Dormant field-grown `Globe' arborvitae shrubs infested with Fletcher scale were sprayed on 9 Mar. 1997 with 0%, 2%, 3%, or 4% soybean oil. One hundred scales per plant were evaluated on 4 Apr. 1997. Spraying 2% to 4% soybean oil on dormant arborvitae caused ≥97% mortality of Fletcher scale compared to only 7% mortality on untreated plants. of white pine, viburnum, `Anthony Waterer' spirea, `Green Beauty' boxwood, western red cedar, `Blue Star' juniper, `Blue Pacific' juniper, `Japanese Garden' juniper, and arborvitae plants in trade gallon pots and `Densiformus' yew and dwarf `Alberta' spruce in trade quart pots were sprayed with 0% (water control), 1%, or 2% soybean oil (emulsified with Latron B-1956) or 2% SunSpray Ultra-Fine Spray oil on 26 Aug. 1997 for phytotoxicity evaluation. No phytotoxicity occurred on western cedar, spirea, boxwood, yew, arborvitae, or viburnum. Spraying Sunspray or soybean oil caused initial loss of blue color on blue junipers and white pine. Spraying 1 or 2% soybean oil or 2% SunSpray caused phytotoxicity to `Blue Star' juniper. The `Blue Pacific' juniper, `Japanese Garden' juniper, and Alberta spruce were slightly damaged by 2% but not by 1% soybean oil.

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