FACTORS AFFECTING BRANCH INFECTION IN ASPEN

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Etheridge
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Minor Extent

Comparative studies have shown that branch infections are almost twice as frequent in aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) in mesic sites as in trees of similar ages in dry sites. This has been attributed to: (1) the proneness to infection of young dead branches, and (2) the greater mortality of young branches in mesic sites. No difference was found between the two sites with respect to the pattern of air temperature and relative humidity. The moisture content of dead branches was influenced to a minor extent by site, but only after considerable rain had fallen did branch moisture reach a level favorable for infection by fungi. Although several species of imperfect fungi and bacteria infected aspen branches from 4 years following mortality, wood-destroying fungi, namely Corticium polygonium Pers. and Polyporus adustus (Willd.) Fr., did not appear until 7 and 8 years after the death of branches. After 19 years, decay of Fomes igniarius (L. ex Fr.) Kickx. occurred in branches only as lateral extensions of heartwood infection. The feasibility of artificial pruning to reduce the risk of heart rot infection in young aspen stands is discussed.

Factors affecting the future of the Scottish hydrometric network

1987 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Poodle
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Computer Systems ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Data Standards ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Economic Climate ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Minor Extent

ABSTRACTThe Scottish Hydrometric Network consists of a number of river gauging stations which have been located at sites considered suitable to provide long term flow records. Economic recession has placed some stress on the gauging programme, and has given rise to extensive closures of gauging stations in England and, to a minor extent so far, in Scotland. The way in which the network became established provides a mixture of strengths and weaknesses which could have unpredictable consequences in an adverse economic climate. Changing technology provides some opportunity to reduce the cost of data acquisition and improve the deployment of manpower, while maintaining data standards. In these changing circumstances, particularly with extensive use of computer systems, it is important that standards are established for data returned to the Water Archive and that the network is not allowed to degenerate by default.

Drying of Rough Rice in Oven: An Experimental Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 365 ◽  
pp. 77-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.V. Silva ◽  
E.M.A. Pereira ◽  
T.H.F. Andrade ◽  
Antônio Gilson Barbosa de Lima
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Drying Rate ◽  
Rough Rice ◽  
Drying Conditions ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Mechanical Movement

This paper aims to present an experimental study of rough rice (BRSMG CONAI cultivar) drying by using a stationary method. The grain was dried in an oven with air mechanical movement under controlled conditions of velocity, temperature and relative humidity. In order to obtain balanced moisture content, the samples studied were kept at 40 and 70°C. Results of the drying and heating kinetics of the grain during the process are shown and analyzed. It was found that higher drying rate and lower time for drying as higher air temperature (70°C) is used. It can be concluded that the reduction of the moisture content of the grain, is considered very complex and, depending on the method and drying conditions, can substantially provokes breaking and cracks, which reduces final product quality.

Factors Affecting the Translocation of14C-Mefluidide in Soybeans(Glycine max), Common Cocklebur(Xanthium pensylvanicum), and Johnsongrass(Sorghum halepense)

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. McWhorter ◽  
G. D. Wills
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Constant Level ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Treated Area ◽  
Lower Stem

Absorption and translocation of14C-mefluidide {N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl] amino] phenyl] acetamide} in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Lee 68’], common cocklebur(Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.), and johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] were evaluated under different environmental conditions with and without adjuvants. At a constant level of 40 or 100% relative humidity (RH), an increase in air temperature from 22 to 32 C resulted in a two- to three-fold increase in absorption and a four- to eight-fold increase in translocation of the14C in soybeans following application to the second trifoliolate. At constant 22 or 32 C an increase from 40 to 100% RH resulted in less than a two-fold increase in absorption or translocation of14C in soybeans. Autoradiograms indicated that movement of the14C was primarily into leaves above the treated area. Translocation of14C was significantly greater following application to the lower stem than to leaves. In common cocklebur,14C absorption increased about three-fold at both 22 and 32 C with an increase from 40 to 100% RH following application to the second alternate leaf. At both levels of RH, absorption and translocation increased as the temperature was increased from 22 to 32 C. The addition of an adjuvant increased absorption and translocation in common cocklebur under all environmental conditions. When14C-mefluidide was applied without an adjuvant to johnsongrass, absorption increased five- to six-fold at both 22 and 32 C as RH was increased from 40 to 100%. Translocation in johnsongrass was often affected less by variations in temperature than it was in soybeans or common cocklebur. The adjuvant increased absorption and translocation of the14C-label of mefluidide in johnsongrass. The14C-label accumulated primarily in the distal leaf of johnsongrass or in leaves above the treated area.

Modeling of Basil Leaves Drying by GA–ANN

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Taheri-Garavand ◽  
Shahin Rafiee ◽  
Alireza Keyhani ◽  
Payam Javadikia
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Feed Forward Neural Network ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Hidden Layer

AbstractIn this research, the experiment is done by a dryer. It could provide any desired drying air temperature between 20 and 120°C and air relative humidity between 5 and 95% and air velocity between 0.1 and 5.0 m/s with high accuracy, and the drying experiment was conducted at five air temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80°C and at three relative humidity 20, 40 and 60% and air velocity of 1.5, 2 and 2.5 m/s to dry Basil leaves. Then with developed Program in MATLAB software and by Genetic Algorithm could find the best Feed-Forward Neural Network (FFNN) structure to model the moisture content of dried Basil in each condition; anyway the result of best network by GA had only one hidden layer with 11 neurons. This network could predict moisture content of dried basil leaves with correlation coefficient of 0.99.

scholarly journals Kondisi Penyimpanan Kacang Tanah dan Potensi Cemaran Aspergillus flavus pada Pedagang Pengecer Pasar Tradisional di Wilayah Jakarta

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Widya Eka Prayitno ◽  
Harsi Dewantari Kusumaningrum ◽  
Hanifah Nuryani Lioe
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Storage Condition ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Peanut Kernel ◽  
Storage Container ◽  
Codex Alimentarius ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Codex Alimentarius Commission

Factors affecting contamination on peanut kernel marketed in Jakarta has not been investigated yet. The purpose of the research was to investigate and evaluate the storage condition and the behavior of retailers on the way of peanuts storage and also to investigate the presence of Aspergillus flavus infection in the peanuts. The research was conducted at traditional market with 15 peanut retailers as respondents (n=15). The research stages included survey at retailer area including interview, observation, temperature and relative humidity measurements as well as peanuts analysis including moisture content, defective seeds and presence of A. flavus. The results of research revealed that the average temperature of peanut storage area at retail stalls range from 29.6 to 31.2 °C which is not in accordance with the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) recommendation, while the average of storage room RH ranged between 53.6–73.1% and moisture content of peanuts of 6.23–7.86% were mostly in accordance to CAC recommendation. The percentage of damage, shrivelled and splitted seeds ranged between 3.9–19.1%, 5.4–32.3% and 0.2–8.8%, respectively. The range of mean of total molds and A. flavus were 2.5–5.6 log cfu/g and 1.3–4.0 log cfu/g, respectively. Total molds had a strong correlation to damage kernels (r = 0.74), and had a moderate correlation to the temperature (r = 0.41), moisture content (r = 0.42) and behavior of retailers, especially in cleaning the ceiling (r = 0.44) and placing the storage container (r = 0.44). The presence of A. flavus had a slight correlation to relative humidity on storage (r = 0.26), and had no significant correlation to peanuts damage and all storage conditions. ABSTRAKFaktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi cemaran aflatoksin pada biji kacang tanah atau ose di wilayah Jakarta belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di pasar tradisional dengan 15 pedagang pengecer kacang tanah sebagai responden (n=15). Tujuan penelitian adalah mengidentifikasi dan mengevaluasi kondisi penyimpanan dan perilaku pengecer dalam menyimpan kacang tanah serta mengidentifikasi potensi cemaran Aspergillus flavus pada kacang tanah. Tahap penelitian meliputi survei di area pengecer (wawancara, pengamatan langsung dan pengukuran suhu serta kelembaban relatif (RH) di area penyimpanan) serta analisis kacang tanah (kadar air, biji cacat, dan keberadaan A. flavus). Hasil studi menunjukkan rata-rata kisaran suhu area penyimpanan kacang tanah di kios pengecer berkisar antara 29,6–31,2 °C. Hal ini tidak sesuai dengan rekomendasi Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), meskipun sebagian besar rata-rata kisaran RH area penyimpanan berkisar antara 53,6–73,1% dan kadar air kacang tanah sebesar 6,23–7,86% yang sesuai dengan rekomendasi CAC. Rata-rata biji rusak, biji keriput dan biji belah ditemukan pada kisaran, berturut-turut, 3,9-19,1%, 5,4–32,3% dan 0,2–8,8%. Rata-rata total kapang dan A. flavus pada sampel kacang tanah, masing-masing, ditemukan berkisar antara 2,5–5,6 log cfu/g dan 1,3–4,0 log cfu/g. Total kapang pada sampel kacang tanah memiliki korelasi positif yang kuat dengan biji rusak (r = 0,74), dan berkorelasi positif pada tingkat sedang dengan suhu (r = 0,41), kadar air (r = 0,42) dan perilaku pengecer dalam pembersihan langit-langit kios (r = 0,44) serta penempatan wadah simpan kacang tanah (r = 0,44). Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan A. flavus pada sampel kacang tanah berkorelasi positif lemah dengan kelembaban relatif di area penyimpanan (r = 0,26) dan tidak memiliki korelasi secara signifikan dengan biji rusak maupun semua kondisi penyimpanan lainnya.  

scholarly journals Simulation analysis and optimization research on cooling and dehumidifying effects for evaporator

2020 ◽  
pp. 167-167
Author(s):  
Shuailing Liu ◽  
Guoyuan Ma ◽  
Shuxue Xu ◽  
Fuping Li ◽  
Chenzhe Hang
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Evaporation Temperature ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
The Difference

The improvement performance of refrigerating dehumidification system was theoretically discusses based on a dehumidification model. The influence of evaporator inlet wind speed, dry bulb temperature and relative humidity on dehumidification were analysed by the model. The results show that, when inlet air temperature and humidity were kept constant, the dehumidification capacity increased first and then decreased with increase of the wind speed; When the moisture content and the wind speed of the inlet air were kept constant, the dehumidification capacity gradually decreased with increase of the inlet air dry bulb temperature; The inlet air dry bulb temperature was between 21-36 ?C and the relative humidity was between 40% and 85%, the difference between the inlet air wet bulb temperature and the evaporation temperature at the optimum COP was about 10 ?C; There was a nearly linear relationship between the corresponding evaporation temperature at the optimal COP and the evaporation temperature with the maximum dehumidification capacity, compared with the test value, the error was less than 10%.

scholarly journals Variation Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Soil Moisture Content in the Lime Concretion Black Soil Region in Northern Anhui

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2251
Author(s):  
Mingcheng Du ◽  
Jianyun Zhang ◽  
Amgad Elmahdi ◽  
Zhenlong Wang ◽  
Qinli Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Groundwater Depth ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Moisture Variation ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Soil Moisture Variation

Soil moisture content (SMC) is an important factor affecting crop growth. Based on the field SMC data measured at the Wudaogou experimental station from 1989 to 2019, two typical crop types, wheat and maize, were selected. By combining the groundwater depth, crop growth period, and meteorological factors in the same period, and using classical statistics and redundant analysis (RDA) methods, the characteristics and influencing factors of SMC changes in vertical profiles of different crops were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the SMC and average daily water storage of wheat were greater than that of maize. The crop growth mainly consumed 0–60 cm SMC. The SMC in this area was moderately variable; the SMC of 0–30 cm belongs to the active layer, and the SMC of 30–100 cm belongs to the sub-active layer. The RDA method identified ground temperature, groundwater depth, relative humidity, and the wheat growing period as the main factors affecting soil moisture variation in wheat fields; groundwater depth, relative humidity, and water vapor pressure differences were the main factors affecting soil moisture variation in maize fields. The results can provide a basis for accurate prediction of soil water dynamics and thus provide a reference for irrigation decision-makers.

scholarly journals Structure and species as factors affecting the metabolism of some methoxy-6-sulphanilamidopyrimidines

1969 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
J W Bridges ◽  
M. R. Kibby ◽  
S R Walker ◽  
R T Williams
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Main Metabolite ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Monkey Liver ◽  
Liver Homogenates ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Minor Extent ◽  
Made In

1. A comparative study was made in man, rhesus monkey, rat and rabbit of the urinary excretion of 2-, 4- and 5-methoxy- and 2,4-, 2,5- and 4,5-dimethoxy-6-sulphanilamidopyrimidines given orally. 2. In the rabbit, 70–80% of the dose of each drug was excreted in 2 days, mainly as N4-acetyl derivatives, except 2,5-dimethoxy-6-sulphanilamidopyrimidine, which was mainly excreted unchanged. 3. In the rat, 50–70% of the dose of each drug was excreted in 2 days, except the 2-methoxy and 2,4-dimethoxy compounds, whose excretion was about 30%. The N4-acetyl derivatives accounted for 20–70% of the drugs excreted, except the 2,5-dimethoxy derivative, which was excreted unchanged. 4. In the rhesus monkey, some 40–60% of the dose of the 2-methoxy, 2,4-dimethoxy and 2,5-dimethoxy compounds was excreted in 2 days, but the 4-methoxy, 5-methoxy and 4,5-dimethoxy compounds were excreted at less than half this rate. The 4-methoxy, 5-methoxy and 4,5-dimethoxy compounds were highly acetylated (80–90%) whereas the 2-methoxy compound was poorly acetylated (17%) and the 2,5-dimethoxy compound hardly at all. The major metabolite of the 2,4-dimethoxy compound in the monkey was the N1-glucuronide. 5. In man, 30% of the dose of the 4-methoxy and 2,4-dimethoxy compounds was excreted in 24 hr., whereas the 4,5-dimethoxy compound (Fanasil) was very slowly excreted (12% in 2 days). The 4-methoxy compound was well acetylated (65%), but the 2,4- and 4,5-dimethoxy compounds were not (20–30%). The main metabolite of the 2,4-dimethoxy compound in man was the N1-glucuronide. 6. N1-Glucuronide formation occurred extensively only with the 2,4-dimethoxy compound and only in man and the rhesus monkey. It did not occur in the rabbit and only to a minor extent in the rat. 7. The 2,5-dimethoxy compound was not significantly acetylated in vivo in the rabbit, rat or monkey, but acetylation occurred in vitro in rabbit or monkey liver homogenates. 8. These findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of the Existence of Fan in the Wood Drying Room and the Performance of the Electric Energy Wood Dryer

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 83-92
Author(s):  
Wibowo Kusbandono ◽  
◽  
Petrus Kanisius Purwadi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Wood Drying ◽  
Uniform Size ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Compression Cycle

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the presence of a fan in the wood drying room in the drying time of wood. In addition, it is also to determine the performance of the steam compression cycle engine used in wood drying machines and the conditions of air entering and leaving the wood drying room. Wood drying machines work on a source of electrical energy. The research was conducted experimentally. Variations in the study were carried out on the presence of fans in the drying room: (a) there were no fans and (b) there were 2 fans. The dried object is a sengon wood board, which has a length of 2 m, a width of 20 cm, and a thickness of 2 cm. The number of wooden planks is 70 wooden planks of uniform size. The wooden planks before drying have a moisture content of 29.6%, and when dry, have a moisture content of 10%. The research gave the following results: (a) if there are 2 fans in the drying room, the time needed to dry the sengon wood planks is around 42.6 hours, whereas if there is no fan around 49.9 hours (b) the average Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the steam compression cycle engine is 10.65 (c) The air condition enters the drying room when there are 2 fans, has a dry ball air temperature of 40oC with a relative humidity of 32% RH and the air condition when it comes out, has a dry ball air temperature of 28oC with a relative humidity of 73% RH.

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