THE MOVEMENT OF INJECTED DYE SOLUTIONS IN HEALTHY AND NEEDLE-BLIGHTED WHITE PINE TREES

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Linzon
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Acid Fuchsin ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Actual Movement ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Dilute Aqueous Solution ◽  
Injection Methods ◽  
Solution Uptake ◽  
Needle Blight ◽  
Dye Solutions

The movement of dye solutions in stems of white pine trees, Pinus strobus L., was studied by injection methods. Of several solutions used, a dilute aqueous solution of acid fuchsin was the best indicator of water absorption and movement in the tree. One-hole injections permitted a better assessment of the movement of solutions in the tree than girdle injections. Solution absorption in white pine through a girdle injection locus was observed to average about one liter per hour at the start of the injection period and to diminish with time. Increasing amounts of solution were absorbed and advanced higher in the tree with increasing numbers of daylight hours. Solution absorption and movement in the tree were depressed during night hours. Height of movement of the solution in the tree was unaffected by the size of the injection incision. Exposing the outer sapwood by cutting a "window" through the bark permitted the observation of the actual movement of a dye solution in a living tree.The effect of needle blight on solution movements was investigated by simultaneous injections of paired healthy and diseased pine trees. Smaller quantities of solution were taken in by diseased trees, per unit time. The rates of solution uptake, however, were similar in needle-blighted and healthy trees.

FIELD GRAFTING WITH HEALTHY AND NEEDLE-BLIGHTED EASTERN WHITE PINE TREES AND THE EXPRESSION OF DISEASE SYMPTOMS

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1287-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Linzon
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Root Grafts ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Needle Blight ◽  
Made In

Healthy and needle-blighted eastern white pine trees (Pinus strobus L.) were intergrafted in the forest using bottle and cleft crown graft techniques. The grafts were made in four combinations of diseased and healthy scions and stock branches and at three different stages of development of the graft components. High percentages of successful grafts were obtained when the partner combinations included healthy scions and when the grafting was done in early May with active top growth just beginning in both scions and stock. Fewer grafts survived when diseased scions were employed and when the field grafting was carried out with dormant-collected scions or with scions and stock both possessing advanced new growth.Each grafted partner retained its original identity. Needle-blight symptoms appeared simultaneously on diseased scions and their mother trees, while the healthy stock trees remained unaffected. Conversely, healthy scions and their mother trees were unaffected while the diseased stock trees displayed the needle-blight symptoms on their foliage. No disease symptoms were transmitted by stem grafting. A search revealed that perennially needle-blighted trees were joined to neighboring healthy trees by natural root grafts, and that there was no visible communication of the disease symptoms. Additional evidence has been presented to show that needle blight is nonparasitic in etiology and that susceptibility to needle breakdown is inherent in the individual.

The annual occurrence and effects of semimature-tissue needle blight on white pine

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-435
Author(s):  
S. N. Linzon
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Needle Blight

The occurrence of semimature-tissue needle blight (SNB) on eastern white pine (pinus strobus L.) was closely followed for 7 years, 1957 to 1963. White pines susceptible to SNB displayed recurrent foliar symptoms in some years. Annual fluctuations in the incidence of SNB occurred in a similar pattern on widely separated sample plots in a localized area. Major outbreaks of SNB were infrequent and were often found to occur during a continuous sunny period following a period of excess rainfall. The adverse effects of the disease on foliage were reflected in reduced growth in other parts of affected trees and in premature death of perennially blighted trees.

HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SYMPTOMS IN SEMIMATURE-TISSUE NEEDLE BLIGHT OF EASTERN WHITE PINE

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Linzon
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Pine Needles ◽  
The Other ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Histological Studies ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
Needle Blight

The incipient symptoms of needle blight of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) appear only in semimature tissues of current year needles, and the orange-red lesions then spread acropetally throughout adjacent, more mature, tissues. Semimature tissue of white pine needles is characterized by the start of the suberization of the radial and transverse walls of the endodermal cells. The first cells to break down in blighted semimature tissue occur in the mesophyll region of one of the ventral faces of the needle. Mesophyll necrosis spreads laterally to the other ventral face and finally to the dorsal face of the needle, before proceeding distally through mature tissue. Anatomical differences exist between needles collected from susceptible and non-susceptible white pines.

Internal Defect Resulting from Logging Wounds in Residual White Pine Trees

1979 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Whitney ◽  
L. G. Brace
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
The Other ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Internal Defect ◽  
Coniophora Puteana ◽  
Pine Trees

About 20% of residual white pine (Pinus strobus L.) trees, 55 to 80 years old, were wounded despite a carefully supervised improvement logging operation. Five years after logging, samples of the most severe wound types revealed very little internal defect (avg of 0.25% of gross merchantable volume decayed and 0.39% stained). Thirteen decay-causing basidiomycetes were isolated from the decays and stains in wounded tissues, some of which (Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. and Schw. ex Fr.) Fr., Coniophora puteana (Schum. ex Fr.) Karst., Fomes pini (Fr.) Karst., and Scytinostroma galactinum [Fr.] Donk), are known to be capable of extensive decay in mature white pine or other conifers. Several of the other fungi are of unpredictable importance in white pine. Felling scrapes and skidder scrapes on tree trunks, gouges in the wood caused by skidders, and broken tree tops were most frequently invaded by wood rotting fungi. Modifications to logging procedures are suggested that would reduce the incidence and severity of these wounds.

scholarly journals The atmospheric potential of biogenic volatile organic compounds from needles of white pine (<i>Pinus strobus</i>) in Northern Michigan

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 2245-2252 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Toma ◽  
S. Bertman
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Large Scale Screening

Abstract. The key role that biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) play in atmospheric chemistry requires a detailed understanding of how BVOC concentrations will be affected by environmental change. Large-scale screening of BVOC emissions from whole forest ecosystems is difficult with enclosure methods. Leaf composition of BVOC, as a surrogate for direct emissions, can more easily reflect the distribution of BVOC compounds in a forest. In this study, BVOC composition in needles of 92 white pine trees (Pinus strobus), which are becoming a large part of Midwest forests, are tracked for three summers at the University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS). α-Pinene, the dominant terpene in all samples, accounts for 30–50% of all terpenes on a mole basis. The most abundant sesquiterpenoid was a C15 alcohol identified as germacrene D-4-ol. The relationship between limonene and total other monoterpenes shows two distinct trends in the population of these forests. About 14% (n = 13) of the trees showed high levels of limonene (up to 36% of the total BVOC) in the same trees every year. Assuming that needle concentrations scale with emission rate, we estimate that hydroxyl radical reactivity due to reaction with monoterpenes from white pine increases approximately 6% at UMBS when these elevated concentrations are included. We suggest that chemotypic variation within forests has the potential to affect atmospheric chemistry and that large-scale screening of BVOC can be used to study the importance of BVOC variation.

scholarly journals The atmospheric potential of biogenic volatile organic compounds from needles of White Pine (<I>Pinus strobus</I>) in Northern Michigan

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 26849-26865
Author(s):  
S. Toma ◽  
S. Bertman
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Large Scale Screening

Abstract. The key role biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) play in atmospheric chemistry requires a detailed understanding of how BVOC concentrations will be affected by environmental change. Large-scale screening of ecosystems is difficult with enclosure methods. In this study, BVOC in needles of 71 white pine trees (Pinus strobus), which are becoming a large part of Midwest forests, are tracked for three summers at the University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS). α-pinene, the dominant terpene in all samples, accounts for 30–50% of all terpenes on a mole basis. The most abundant sesquiterpenoid was a C15 alcohol identified as germacrene-D-4-ol. The abundance of this material and its atmospheric relevance has not been considered previously. The relationship between limonene and α-pinene clearly shows two distinct trends in the population of these forests. About 15% of the trees showed high levels of limonene (up to 36% of the total BVOC) in the same trees every year. With this mixture, limonene contributes 11% of the α-pinene contribution to total gas-phase OH loss at UMBS compared to less than 2% considering the composition of the majority trees. Hence we show that chemotypic variation within forests can affect atmospheric chemistry and that large-scale screening of BVOC can be used effectively to study the importance of BVOC variation for predicting atmospheric chemistry in future forests.

scholarly journals Spore Dispersal by Dothistroma septosporum in Northwest British Columbia

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kennedy Boateng ◽  
Kathy J. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Summer Precipitation ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Spore Dispersal ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Inoculum Sources ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Dothistroma Septosporum ◽  
Needle Blight

We studied spore dispersal by Dothistroma septosporum, causal agent of a serious outbreak of red band needle blight in lodgepole pine plantations in northwest British Columbia. Spore abundance was assessed at different distances and heights from inoculum sources and microclimatic factors were recorded during two consecutive years. Conidia were observed on spore traps from June to September during periods of rainfall. It was rare to detect spores more than 2 m away from inoculum sources. The timing and number of conidia dispersed were strongly tied to the climatic variables, particularly rainfall and leaf wetness. Should the trend toward increased spring and summer precipitation in the study area continue, the results suggest that disease spread and intensification will also increase. Increasing the planting distances between lodgepole pine trees through mixed species plantations and overall reduction in use of lodgepole pine for regeneration in wet areas are the best strategies to reduce the spread of the disease and enhance future productivity of plantations in the study area.

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