THE RELATION OF BARK MOISTURE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANKER DISEASES CAUSED BY NATIVE, FACULTATIVE PARASITES: IV. PATHOGENICITY STUDIES OF CRYPTODIAPORTHE SALICELLA (FR.) PETRAK, AND FUSARIUM LATERITIUM NEES., ON POPULUS TRICHOCARPA TORREY AND GRAY, P. 'ROBUSTA', P. TREMULOIDES MICHX., AND SALIX SP.

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Bier
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Fusarium Lateritium ◽  
Disease Testing

In the field, Cryptodiaporthe salicella has been found only on Salix sp., and Fusarium lateritium on nursery-grown Populus trichocarpa Torrey and Gray. However, the pathogens for these diseases attacked P. trichocarpa, P. 'robusta', P. tremuloides Michx., and Salix sp. when inoculations were made on cuttings which were allowed to dry gradually in a dormant condition. The development of the diseases in the field and in the laboratory was related to the moisture content of the host bark. Canker growth occurred only when the relative turgidity of the bark was below 80%. The possibility of employing similar methods of investigation for the discovery and evaluation of canker diseases of importance in disease-testing programs is discussed.

THE RELATION OF BARK MOISTURE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANKER DISEASES CAUSED BY NATIVE, FACULTATIVE PARASITES: 2. FUSARIUM CANKER ON BLACK COTTONWOOD

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 781-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Bier
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Fusarium Lateritium ◽  
Dormant Season ◽  
Canker Development

A close correlation was found to exist between the development of a bark canker in nursery-grown Populus trichocarpa Torrey and Gray, caused by Fusarium lateritium Nees., and the moisture content of the living bark. When bark moisture was expressed as a percentage of the amount of water required to saturate the sample under experimental conditions, relative turgidities of 80% or more inhibited canker development which, however, occurred normally at lower percentages. Studies of the epidemiology of Fusarium canker in the nursery afforded evidence in support of the limiting effect of bark moisture on canker development. Thus during the dormant season of 1957–58, the monthly average temperature was higher than the minimum temperature for the growth of F. lateritium on potato dextrose agar, and the relative turgidity did not reach the inhibiting value of 80%. Cankers continued to develop throughout this period. During the growing season while temperatures were still more favorable for fungus development, no extension of cankers occurred in the nursery trees, apparently because, during the growing period, the relative turgidity was in excess of 80%. Canker development was prevented during the winter by placing dormant cuttings in water, which likewise increased the moisture content of the bark above the 80% level.During the dormant season the bark of field-grown black cottonwoods maintained relative turgidity values of approximately 80% or higher and the disease could not be found on these trees.

THE RELATION OF BARK MOISTURE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CANKER DISEASES CAUSED BY NATIVE, FACULTATIVE PARASITES: V. ROOTING BEHAVIOR AND DISEASE VULNERABILITY IN CUTTINGS OF POPULUS TRICHOCARPA TORREY AND GRAY, AND P. 'ROBUSTA'

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Bier
Keyword(s):  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
General Level ◽  
Root Primordia ◽  
Uniform Size ◽  
Fusarium Lateritium ◽  
Cytospora Chrysosperma ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Time Of Harvest

In cuttings from 1-year-old shoots of Populus trichocarpa Torrey and Gray and P. 'robusta', correlations were found to exist between the degree of vigor as expressed by the production of basal callus and the associated wound roots, and the relative turgidity of the bark at the time of harvest or planting. The ability to produce basal callus and wound roots decreased in cuttings with relative turgidities below the 80% level, and many were killed by the development of basal cankers caused by Fusarium lateritium Nees and Cytospora chrysosperma. (Pers.) Fr. Therefore, the bark moisture level in cuttings was indicative of their ability to produce basal callus and wound roots in addition to their vulnerability to these canker diseases caused by facultative parasites.In uniform-sized cuttings of P. 'robusta' no relation was found between the production of morphological roots developing from root primordia, and the bark moisture level, or the percentage of plants which survived. Larger numbers of morphological roots developed on cuttings from the basal and, consequently, older parts of stems.The production of basal callus and wound roots in P. 'robusta' was found to be related to the total weight of cuttings of uniform size, which suggested that weight determinations in the field may provide useful guides into the general level of vigor of dormant nursery stock and stored material.

CYTOSPORA CANKER OF POPLARS: THE MOISTURE RELATIONS AND ANATOMY OF THE HOST

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1281-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Bloomberg
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Sieve Tube ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Basal Region ◽  
Wood Moisture ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Cytospora Chrysosperma ◽  
Two Hybrid

A comparison was made between Populus trichocarpa Torr. and Gray, P. × canadensis Moench 'Regenerata', and P. × canadensis 'Robusta Bachelieri' with respect to shoot moisture relations and anatomy. The two hybrid varieties had slower rates of moisture loss and had higher wood moisture contents throughout most of the year than P. trichocarpa. The bark and wood moisture content of the three varieties was lower during dormancy than in the growing season. The upper region of the shoots had lower bark and wood moisture contents than the basal region during dormancy, but the reverse was true in summer. In all varieties, there was a significant positive correlation between wood and bark moisture content. Compared with P. trichocarpa, the two hybrids had larger piths, wider vessels, longer phloem rays, wider sieve tube zones, and thicker periderms; P. 'Robusta' had fewer lenticels. The upper region of the shoots had a wider pith, thicker bark, thinner periderm, and more lenticels than the basal region. The differences in moisture relations and anatomy of the three varieties suggest an explanation for the observed greater resistance to canker disease caused by Cytospora chrysosperma (Pers.) Fr. in the hybrids than in P. trichocarpa.

CYTOSPORA CANKER OF POPLARS: BARK WOUNDING IN RELATION TO CANKER DEVELOPMENT

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Bloomberg ◽  
S. H. Farris
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Cytospora Chrysosperma ◽  
Canker Development ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cytospora Canker

Cuttings of Populus trichocarpa Torr. and Gray, P. × canadensis Moench 'Regenerata' and P. × canadensis ‘Robusta Bachelieri’ were adjusted to three different moisture contents, then wounded by scorching the bark. The moisture treatments differed significantly in their effects on the histological responses in tissues around the scorch wounds, the greatest contrast being in the mode of tannin deposition. Lignification was also affected by moisture content; however, fewer cells were involved in lignin changes than in tannin deposition. No suberization was observed as a result of wounding. There were qualitative and quantitative differences among the poplar varieties with respect to tannin deposition.When wounds were inoculated with Cytospora chrysosperma (Pers.) Fr., the growth of canker varied inversely as the number of tanniferous cells, the width of the tanniferous zone, and the number of lignified cells. The correlation with tannin deposition was much stronger than that with lignification. These findings suggested that the relationship previously observed between Cytospora canker growth and moisture content may operate partly through the mechanism of tannin deposition.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF INITIAL ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS IN POPLAR CUTTINGS AND THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN FACTORS ON THEIR DEVELOPMENT

1963 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Bloomberg
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Root System ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Poplar Cuttings

In planted cuttings of Populus trichocarpa Torr. and Gray, P. x canadensis Moench 'Regenerata', and P. x canadensis 'Robusta Bachelieri', adventitious roots developed first along the cutting, then later at the basal end. Removal of the first roots, termed initial roots, resulted in decreased shoot growth during the early growth of the cuttings and a smaller root system at the end of the growing season. Mortality occurred only in those cuttings from which all initial roots had been removed. Poplar varieties differed significantly with respect to number, but not length of initial roots produced. In general, the number, length and weight of initial roots increased with the cutting moisture content and with temperature. Number of roots increased with increasing age of parent shoot up to a maximum at 10 months, with no further increase up to 16 months. Cuttings from the base of the shoot produced longer, and in the hybrids, heavier roots than cuttings from the top. At 50% moisture content, basal cuttings produced more roots than top cuttings, but at 100% moisture content, there was no significant difference between the shoot regions. The position in which cuttings were placed exerted a significant effect on the number of roots produced in the hybrids, but not in P. trichocarpa.

scholarly journals SOME FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CALLUS IN POPLAR CUTTINGS

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Bloomberg
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Callus Production ◽  
Poplar Cuttings

The effect of temperature, moisture content of the cutting, and location within the shoot and cutting on callus production were investigated in Populus trichocarpa Torr. and Gray, P. canadensis Moench 'Regenerata', and P. canadensis 'Robusta Bachelieri'. Callus production increased with temperature and moisture content although not to the same extent in the three varieties. Cuttings from the base of the shoot produced more callus than those from the upper part. The latter cuttings produced more callus from the end which had been lowermost in the parent shoot than that which had been uppermost. However, cuttings from the base of the shoot showed this difference between ends of cuttings only in P. 'Regenerata'.

CYTOSPORA CANKER OF POPLARS: FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISEASE

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1271-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Bloomberg
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Cytospora Chrysosperma ◽  
Moisture Deficit ◽  
Cytospora Canker

The effects of shoot moisture content, region of shoot, age of shoot, temperature, relative humidity, and soil moisture content on the development of cankers caused by Cytospora chrysosperma (Pers.) Fr. were studied in Populus trichocarpa Torr. and Gray, P. × canadensis Moench 'Regenerata', and P. × canadensis 'Robusta Bachelieri'. Within the range studied, canker growth varied proportionally with temperature, and inversely with shoot moisture content, relative humidity, and soil moisture content. Canker growth was greater in P. trichocarpa than in the two hybrids, which did not differ significantly from each other. Canker growth was less in 8-month-old than in 10- and 12-month-old shoots of the hybrids, but cankers on P. trichocarpa showed no differences in this respect. The critical bark moisture deficit for infection was least in P. trichocarpa, intermediate in P. 'Regenerata', and greatest in P. 'Robusta'. The critical bark moisture deficit was greater, and the incubation period was shorter, in the upper part than in the lower part of the shoot.

Betaines and free amino acids in salt stressed vitroplants and winter resting buds of Populus trichocarpa x deltoides

1991 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bray ◽  
D. Chriqui ◽  
K. Gloux ◽  
D. Le Rudulier ◽  
M. Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa

Preparation and Standardization of a Stable AHF Plasma

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (03/04) ◽  
pp. 423-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M Thelin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Primary Standard ◽  
Healthy Male ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Fresh Plasma

SummaryA stable, lyophilized AHF reference plasma has been prepared from pooled plasma from at least 50 normal healthy donors and standardized against a primary standard of fresh plasma from 20 healthy male donors aged 20 to 40. Average AHF potency of a typical lot is 98.8%, and moisture content is less than 0.5%. Under storage at -25° C, this AHF reference plasma is stable for at least 18 months. It has been used in several major coagulation laboratories, and has given consistently satisfactory and reproducible results in AHF assays.

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