THE CONTROL OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN RED CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L.): III. ENDOGENOUS DIFFUSIBLE AUXIN

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1049-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce G. Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Adaptive System ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Iaa Oxidase ◽  
Auxin Level ◽  
Auxin Production ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L

Significant amounts of endogenous diffusible auxin have been obtained from apices and leaves of red clover plants and differences in endogenous diffusible auxin level have been related to characteristic differences in morphogenesis.Less diffusible auxin was obtained from the apices and leaves of autotetraploid than diploid plants of the same clone; a slower rate of growth was observed in the tetraploids.Changes in the diffusible auxin level can be brought about by variations in light that occur in a normal growth situation. Greater amounts of diffusible auxin were obtained under longer daylengths. Lesser amounts of diffusible auxin were obtained from plants that were shaded. A greater amount of diffusible auxin was obtained from apices when in light than in darkness.Application of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid lowered the diffusible auxin level within the plant and interfered with normal polarity.An interaction between application of 3-indoleacetic acid, light intensity, and diffusible auxin level has been observed. This interaction is most readily explicable on the postulation, based on indirect evidence, that a mechanism for the regulation of endogenous free auxin level may exist in red clover whereby an auxin production system can be linked with some adaptive system, possibly IAA oxidase, that decreases the amount of endogenous free auxin.

THE CONTROL OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN RED CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L.): II. LIGHT, TEMPERATURE, AND THE INFLUENCE OF GROWTH REGULATORS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1027-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce G. Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Auxin Level ◽  
Increased Sensitivity

Morphogenesis of Dollard red clover clones has provided indirect evidence that endogenous auxin level and, or, sensitivity of response of tissues to auxin vary according to light and temperature and as a function of genotype.The amount of growth and development was less in autotetraploid than in diploid plants.Root formation on propagules was influenced by relatively short-term different daylength pretreatments of intact plants; also, by the daylength and light intensity imposed during rooting.Under reduced light intensity extension growth already initiated was increased and this was related to increased "sensitivity" of growth response of stems and petioles to applied auxin.Morphogenetic effects relatively similar to those caused, respectively, by shortening the daylength and by lengthening the daylength resulted from antiauxin (TIBA) as compared with auxin (IAA) treatments.Concentrations of IAA that were primarily stimulatory to growth under shorter daylengths were inhibitory under continuous light. The primary stimulatory effect of IAA was on bud formation under SD but on stem elongation under LD.The relatively similar and additive effects of photoperiod, applied auxin, and cold pretreatment are discussed. It is postulated that in red clover a greater endogenous diffusible auxin level is required for optimum formation of stems and inflorescences than for buds and roots.Manipulation of light and temperature and the use of growth regulators provide added precision in the control of growth and development in red clover.

THE CONTROL OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN RED CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L.): I. RECORDING AND ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS IN MORPHOGENESIS

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce G. Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Primary Stem

A key is described that provides a simple method for recording the sequential distribution of all leaves, buds, and inflorescences visible on a primary stem. Numbers are assigned to nodes in a basipetal sequence with each flowering node as number 1.In the "first cycle of growth" of a primary bud the number of nodes on each lateral flowering shoot was found to be positively correlated with, and linearly related to, the number of the node at which each was borne. It was also found that both the number of buds, non-flowering and flowering shoots, [T], and the number of inflorescences, [I], were linearly related to primary node number. Indoleacetic acid (IAA), 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), and maleic hydrazide amine (MH), altered the amount of lateral bud and shoot growth but not the linear relationships.Attainment of "ripeness-to-flower" coincident with production of a systemic non-polar florigenic stimulus could result in the observed conformity to theoretically "expected node numbers for flowering" on all lateral shoots.Treatment with 800 p.p.m. MH caused abortion of inflorescences and hastened onset of the "second cycle of vegetative growth" through cessation of growth and differentiation of "first cycle" floral apices; virus infection has caused similar effects.

Comparisons of Floral Response of Seed Lots of Dollard Red Clover, Trifolium pratense L. 1

Crop Science ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 425-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Bula ◽  
R. G. May ◽  
C. S. Garrison ◽  
C. M. Rincker ◽  
J. G. Dean
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L

scholarly journals Volatile Constituents of Trifolium Pratense and T. Repens from N.E. Italian Alpine Pastures

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1934578X0900400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldo Tava ◽  
Daniele Ramella ◽  
Maris Grecchi ◽  
Paolo Aceto ◽  
Renato Paoletti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Volatile Fraction ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L

The composition of the volatile fraction of two important forage legumes from Italian sub-alpine N.E. pastureland, namely Trifolium pratense L. subsp. pratense (red clover) and T. repens subsp. repens (white clover) were investigated. The volatile oil was obtained from the fresh aerial parts by steam distillation and analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. The oil yield was 0.018 and 0.021% (weight/fresh weight basis) for T. pratense and T. repens, respectively. Several classes of compounds were found in both the oils, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, terpenes, esters, hydrocarbons, phenolics and acids. Qualitative and quantitative differences were found.

Polycross‐Progeny Testing of Red Clover (trifolium pratense L. 1

Crop Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman L. Taylor ◽  
W. A. Kendall ◽  
W. H. Stroube
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L

scholarly journals Identification of an extensive gene cluster among a family of PPOs in Trifolium pratense L. (red clover) using a large insert BAC library

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Winters ◽  
Sue Heywood ◽  
Kerrie Farrar ◽  
Iain Donnison ◽  
Ann Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Bac Library ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L

scholarly journals Mineral Composition of Red Clover under Rhizobium Inoculation and Lime Application in Acid Soil

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 554-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivera STAJKOVIC-SRBINOVIC ◽  
Dušica DELIC ◽  
Nataša RASULIC ◽  
Dragan CAKMAK ◽  
Djordje KUZMANOVIC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rhizobium Inoculation ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Lime Application

In the present study the effects of Rhizobium inoculation and lime application on the mineral composition (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B) of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), in very acid soil were evaluated. Inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii significantly increased shoot dry weight (SDW) of red clover plants (three times greater), as well as N, Mg, Fe, Mn and Cu contents in plants compared to the control. Application of lime and Rhizobium together, depending on the lime rate (3, 6 or 9 t ha-1 of lime) and the cut, increased SDW significantly, but decreased the contents of N, P, K, Mg, Mn, Zn and B in plants. Regardless of the changes, in all treatments in both cuts, contents of N, K, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn in plants were among sufficiency levels (Mg content was elevated in the second cut), while Fe content was mainly high, as well as Cu (in the second cut). Contents of P and B in plants were somewhat lower than sufficiency levels, but above critical level. Therefore, red clover can be grown with satisfactory yield and mineral composition in acid soil with Rhizobium inoculation only, but the application of P and B fertilization is desirable.

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