SEASONAL CHANGES IN METABOLISM OF SPRUCE LEAVES

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 649-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Neish
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Crystalline Form ◽  
Picea Pungens ◽  
Different Seasons

Sucrose, raffinose, pinitol, shikimic acid, and pungenin were isolated in crystalline form from leafy twigs of both Colorado spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) collected in winter. Raffinose and sucrose were the main sugars present in winter but raffinose disappeared in early spring and was not found again until autumn. Pungenin was also found in lowered concentrations in summer, and pinitol could not be crystallized from material collected in warm weather.Leafy twigs were harvested at different seasons and allowed to photosynthesize in the presence of C14O2 under constant conditions in the laboratory. Winter twigs were found to be convenient and efficient for the preparative biosynthesis of sucrose-C14 and raffinose-C14. Hemicellulose was labelled much more rapidly than cellulose. The C14 in the hemicellulose was concentrated in the glucose, little being found in the xylose.The relative rates of labelling of the sugars, pinitol, shikimic acid, pungenin, cellulose, and lignin showed some marked seasonal changes.

A new hybrid between blue spruce and white spruce

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1693-1700 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Hanover ◽  
Ronald C. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Hybrid Seed ◽  
Blue Spruce ◽  
Picea Pungens ◽  
Biochemical Analyses

Controlled pollinations were made within and between blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in 1967 and 1968. Interspecific hybrids were obtained and verified by comparative measurements of several traits. The cross was successful when either species was used as the female parent. Hybrid seed germinated more rapidly than that of either species and hybrid seedlings showed some heterosis for early growth. Also, hybrid seedlings had needles intermediate between, and significantly different from, the parental seedlings. Growth form of the hybrid was quite variable compared with that of either species. Further evidence for the successful crossing of blue spruce and white spruce was provided by biochemical analyses of monoterpene compounds in the parents and progeny.

THE ROLE OF CHEMOTACTIC STIMULI IN THE FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF SPRUCE BUDWORM LARVAE ON WHITE SPRUCE

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Heron
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Related Compounds

The effects of chemical stimuli on the feeding behavior of penultimate-instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), were investigated, especially in relation to the relative acceptability of staminate flowers, new vegetative shoots, and mature needles of white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss.Phagostimulants were extracted from the host plant tissues with 80% ethanol. Some substances known to be present in the extracts and some related compounds were investigated individually. The only substances that induced feeding responses in these tests were a number of sugars and the amino acid L-proline.In choice tests ethanol extracts of the staminate flowers were more acceptable than extracts of the shoots, and shoot extracts were more acceptable than extracts of the mature needles.The various host tissues differ quantitatively and qualitatively in the occurrence of some substances that significantly affect feeding behavior. The concentration of total sugars is greatest in the staminate flowers and least in the mature needles. Sugar concentration influenced feeding; the highest concentration encountered in the extracts evoked the greatest response. The difference in response to extracts of the various tissues was not attributable simply to differences in the sugar concentration.Staminate flowers contain much greater amounts of the amino acid L-proline than do the other tissues. Larvae offered a choice of sucrose plus L-proline or sucrose alone fed preferentially on the mixture. Similar but somewhat less pronounced responses were also noted with the related compounds, hydroxy-L-proline and L-glutamic acid.Pungenin occurs in appreciable amounts in mature spruce needles but is absent from, or present only in trace amounts, in new vegetative shoots. This glucoside deterred feeding but the difference in responses of larvae to extracts of the shoots and mature needles was not solely attributable to this effect. Shikimic acid and caffeic acid each stimulated feeding when present in mixture with sucrose. They may influence the differential feeding responses to the shoots and mature needles.

Spring changes in water relations, gas exchange, and carbohydrates of white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingfang Wang ◽  
Janusz J Zwiazek
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Significant Linear Relationship

Shoot water relations, gas exchange, and carbohydrate content and composition were studied from March 30 to May 11, 1995, in white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings growing in nursery beds. The seedlings exhibited reduced shoot osmotic potentials at turgor loss point and at full hydration from March 30 to April 27 followed by an increase until May 11. Shoot relative water contents also showed a marked increase after April 27. Bulk modulus of elasticity of shoots gradually increased from early to late April indicating a decrease in cell wall elasticity. Net photosynthesis of seedlings recovered rapidly in mid-April. Both net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance showed a significant linear relationship with minimum air and soil temperatures, and there was a significant linear relationship between net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Needle starch content increased, but total sugar content was relatively constant. The composition of soluble carbohydrates changed in early spring with an increase in sucrose accompanied by a decrease in raffinose and other soluble carbohydrates. The results suggest that white spruce seedlings develop characteristics associated with the optimum drought stress resistance in early spring.

WHITE SPRUCE AND THE SPRUCE BUDWORM: DEFINING THE PHENOLOGICAL WINDOW OF SUSCEPTIBILITY

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K. Lawrence ◽  
William J. Mattson ◽  
Robert A. Haack
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Foliar Traits

AbstractSynchrony of insect and host tree phenologies has often been suggested as an important factor influencing the susceptibility of white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, and other hosts to the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). We evaluated this hypothesis by caging several cohorts of spruce budworm larvae on three white spruce populations at different phenological stages of the host trees, and then comparing budworm performance with host phenology and variation of 13 foliar traits. The beginning of the phenological window of susceptibility in white spruce occurs several weeks prior to budbreak, and the end of the window is sharply defined by the end of shoot growth. Performance was high for the earliest budworm cohorts that we tested. These larvae began feeding 3–4 weeks prior to budbreak and completed their larval development prior to the end of shoot elongation. Optimal synchrony occurred when emergence preceded budbreak by about 2 weeks. Larval survival was greater than 60% for individuals starting development 1–3 weeks prior to budbreak, but decreased to less than 10% for those starting development 2 or more weeks after budbreak and thus completing development after shoot elongation ceased. High performance by the budworm was most strongly correlated with high levels of foliar nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, copper, sugars, and water and low levels of foliar calcium, phenolics, and toughness. These results suggest that advancing the usual phenological window of white spruce (i.e. advancing budbreak prior to larval emergence) or retarding budworm phenology can have a large negative effect on the spruce budworm’s population dynamics.

A new endoconidial black meristematic genus, Atramixtia, associated with declining white spruce and phylogenetically allied to a lineage of dothidealean conifer pathogens

Botany ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 323-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tsuneda ◽  
M.L. Davey ◽  
R.S. Currah
Keyword(s):  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Natural Substrate ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
Granular Matrix ◽  
Phylogenetic Affinities

An endoconidial, black meristematic taxon Atramixtia arboricola gen. et. sp. nov. (Dothideales) from the black subicula found on twigs of declining white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, in Alberta is described. It is morphologically distinguishable from other endoconidial taxa by the conidioma composed of clumps of endoconidial conidiogenous cells, scattered meristematically dividing cells, dematiaceous hyphae, abundant brown, granular matrix materials, and sometimes plant tissue. Endoconidia also occur in conidiogenous cellular clumps that are not organized into a conidioma but develop directly from stromatic cells on the bark. In culture, it forms similar endoconidial conidiomata and also a mycelial, blastic synanamorph that superficially resembles Hormonema . Atramixtia arboricola is a member of the Dothideales and shows phylogenetic affinities to a clade of conifer-stem and -needle pathogens, including Sydowia and Delphinella , although no teleomorph was found either on the natural substrate or in culture. It has not been determined whether A. arboricola is pathogenic to its host, but the occurrence of abundant intracellular hyphae in the host periderm suggests that the fungus is at least parasitic.

Proximate Analysis of British Columbia Herring in Relation to Season and Condition Factor

1939 ◽  
Vol 4b (5) ◽  
pp. 478-490
Author(s):  
John Lawson Hart ◽  
Albert L. Tester ◽  
Desmond Beall ◽  
John P. Tully
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Spawning Time ◽  
Average Condition ◽  
The Individual

Analysis by standard methods of samples of Clupea pallasii from different seasons and localities in British Columbia showed the following ranges in composition: water, 64.2 to 80.2%; oil, 4.1 to 19.4%; protein, 10.1 to 16.8%; ash, 1.9 to 2.8%. Oil content is highest in summer, declines during the fall and winter, and falls to a minimum after spawning time in early spring. There is an accompanying decline in the weight of the fish. Herring are highly variable in calorific value (2.41 to 0.94 Calories per gram). Potential oil yields on reduction as high as 30 gallons per ton are indicated with a minimum of 7 gallons per ton. Average condition factors for samples were determined by averaging the individual condition factors obtained from [Formula: see text], when C is the condition factor, W is weight in grams, L is length in millimetres, and 3.26 is the exponent in the empirically fitted equation W = CLn. This condition factor was found to be positively correlated with oil content and to follow in general the same seasonal trend.

Soil carbon sequestration with forest expansion in an arctic forest–tundra landscape

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1538-1542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Steltzer
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Forest Expansion ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C Pools ◽  
Sampling Locations

Soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools were measured under the canopy of 29 white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) trees and in the surrounding tundra 3 and 6 m away from each tree at three sites of recent forest expansion along the Agashashok River in northwestern Alaska. The aim was to characterize the potential for forest expansion to lead to increased soil C pools across diverse tundra types. Soil C beneath the trees correlated positively with tree age, suggesting that tree establishment has led to C storage in the soils under their canopy at a rate of 18.5 ± 4.6 g C·m–2·year–1. Soil C in the surrounding tundra did not differ from those under the trees and showed no relationship to tree age. This characterization of the soil C pools at the 3-m scale strengthens the assertion that the pattern associated with the trees is an effect of the trees, because tree age cannot explain variation among tundra sampling locations at this scale. Potential mechanisms by which these white spruce trees could increase soil C pools include greater production and lower litter quality.

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