THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHT AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON MYCELIAL GROWTH AND SCLEROTIAL PRODUCTION BY BOTRYTIS SQUAMOSA

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 881-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. T. Page
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Radiant Energy ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Botrytis Squamosa ◽  
Semisynthetic Media

A monoconidial Isolate of Botrytis squamosa Walker was cultured on two semisynthetic media; modified White's medium permitted rapid and uniform mycelial growth; Czapek's medium supported abundant proliferation of sclerotia. When the fungus was cultured on White's medium and exposed to specific levels of incandescent irradiance, mycelial growth was arrested. The temperature inside Petri plates exposed to incandescent radiant energy was determined with the aid of thermocouples. Aeration and nutritional factors were found to influence the production of sclerotia. Concentric rings of sclerotia were produced on Czapek's agar when the fungus was exposed to periods of darkness alternated with periods of incandescent and/or fluorescent radiant energy.

scholarly journals Response of Two Fungi in the Apple Sooty Blotch Complex to Temperature and Relative Humidity

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric M. Johnson ◽  
Turner B. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Agar Culture ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Sooty Blotch ◽  
Conidial Viability

Peltaster fructicola and Leptodontium elatius, two of the causal fungi of apple sooty blotch, responded differently to temperature and relative humidity in vitro. Conidia of L. elatius germinated from 12 to 32°C at relative humidities ≥97%, whereas conidia of P. fructicola germinated from 12 to 24°C at relative humidities ≥95%. Germination of conidia of L. elatius was optimum at 32°C and 99% relative humidity compared with 24°C and 97 or 99% relative humidity for P. fructicola. When L. elatius and P. fructicola were grown in Parafilm culture, sporulation was greatest at relative humidities of 97 to 99%. In agar culture, mycelia of L. elatius expanded radially from 12 to 32°C, and that of P. fructicola at 12 to 28°C. Mycelia of P. fructicola did not survive exposure for 7 days or more to temperatures ≥32°C. Mycelial growth was inhibited at relative humidities <95% for both fungi and no growth occurred at 88% relative humidity. Conidia of P. fructicola were more sensitive to air drying than were those of L. elatius. Conidial viability of P. fructicola was reduced significantly after 8 h of air drying and nearly completely inhibited after 12 h. Conidia of L. elatius required 24 h of air drying before a significant reduction in conidial viability was observed. These results support the hypothesis that environmental factors influence the temporal and geographical distributions of the fungi associated with the apple sooty blotch disease.

Physiological Ecology of Patella Iv. Environmental and Limpet Body Temperatures

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1069-1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Spencer Davies
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Radiant Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
Air Temperatures

When littoral animals are exposed by the receding tide they are subjected to the environmental factors of what is essentially a terrestrial environment. Of these factors desiccation (see Davies, 1969) and temperature are of paramount importance. In winter the animals may be subject to a rapid change from the relatively high temperature of the sea to a very much lower air temperature. In summertime the opposite is true and the animals will spend the dry phase in air temperatures often far in excess of sea-water temperatures. The most important temperatures from an ecological point of view, however, are the body temperatures of the animals themselves. As shown by Southward (1958) this cannot be deduced from measurements of air temperatures, since the animals are subject to heating by absorption of solar radiant energy and this in turn may be mitigated by other environmental factors.

scholarly journals A review of the primary nutritional and environmental factors associated with Parkinson’s disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Considine ◽  
Lucy Yin ◽  
Mitra Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
System Disorder

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that produces both motor and nonmotor symptoms. This literature review begins by examining evidence for several possible origins for the disease:  does it begin in the brain and progress to the gut, or vice versa, or does it begin in both places concurrently?  Next, we examine several environmental factors that have been shown to either increase or decrease risk of Parkinson’s disease. These are primarily nutritional factors, specifically caffeine, nicotine, and dairy products. Studies in both animals and humans provide weak evidence that increased consumption of low fat dairy is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease development. Additionally, there is strong evidence that nicotine has a neuroprotective effect which also lowers the risk.  Finally, there is similarly strong evidence that caffeine exerts neuroprotective effects which lower the overall risk of developing Parkinson’s disease.

scholarly journals Effect of Environmental Factors and Pesticides on Mycoparasitism of Sclerotinia minor by Coniothyrium minitans

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 1407-1412 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Partridge ◽  
T. B. Sutton ◽  
D. L. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Coniothyrium Minitans ◽  
Sclerotinia Minor ◽  
Peanut Production ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

The effects of soil temperature and moisture, and nine pesticides commonly used in peanut production, on the mycoparasitic activity of Coniothyrium minitans on sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor were evaluated. In vitro mycelial growth and conidia germination of C. minitans were sensitive to azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, fluazinam, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and diclosulam. C. minitans survived and infected sclerotia of S. minor in the presence of azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, diclosulam, fluazinam, flumioxazin, S-metolachlor, pendimethalin, pyraclostrobin, and tebuconazole. Mycoparasitic activity was reduced by all pesticides except S-metolachlor compared with the nontreated control. Optimum conditions for infection of sclerotia were temperatures from 14 to 22°C and soil moisture from -0.33 to -1 kPa × 102. Mycoparasitic activity of C. minitans remained high (98% sclerotia infected) at temperatures ranging from 14 to 22°C, but decreased at temperatures above 28°C. Viability of sclerotia was inversely related to the proportion infected by C. minitans (r = -0.9963, P = 0.001). Mycoparasitic activity also declined when soil moisture was greater than -1 kPa × 102 or less than -0.10 kPa × 102. These results indicate that C. minitans should not be applied when temperatures exceed 28°C, during extremes in soil moisture, or when there is a high risk of contact with pesticides before it becomes established in the soil.

scholarly journals Nutrition and Rheumatoid Arthritis in the ‘Omics’ Era

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 763
Author(s):  
Manuela Cassotta ◽  
Tamara Y. Forbes-Hernandez ◽  
Danila Cianciosi ◽  
Maria Elexpuru Zabaleta ◽  
Sandra Sumalla Cano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Omics Technologies ◽  
Food Components ◽  
Nutritional Advice ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Chronic Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Nutritional Sciences

Modern high-throughput ‘omics’ science tools (including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and microbiomics) are currently being applied to nutritional sciences to unravel the fundamental processes of health effects ascribed to particular nutrients in humans and to contribute to more precise nutritional advice. Diet and food components are key environmental factors that interact with the genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome and the microbiota, and this life-long interplay defines health and diseases state of the individual. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease featured by a systemic immune-inflammatory response, in genetically susceptible individuals exposed to environmental triggers, including diet. In recent years increasing evidences suggested that nutritional factors and gut microbiome have a central role in RA risk and progression. The aim of this review is to summarize the main and most recent applications of ‘omics’ technologies in human nutrition and in RA research, examining the possible influences of some nutrients and nutritional patterns on RA pathogenesis, following a nutrigenomics approach. The opportunities and challenges of novel ‘omics technologies’ in the exploration of new avenues in RA and nutritional research to prevent and manage RA will be also discussed.

scholarly journals Low Maternal Education, Gastrointestinal Problems and High Blood Lead Level: Risk Factors Related to the Severity of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Northeast China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanyu Dong ◽  
Junyan Feng ◽  
Honghua Li ◽  
Xiaojing Yue ◽  
Fei-Yong Jia
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Serum Concentration ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Gastrointestinal Problems

Abstract Background: The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has increased rapidly in recent years. Environmental factors may play an important role in the pathogenesis of ASD. These factors may include socioeconomic factors, nutritional factors, heavy metal exposure, air pollution, etc. Our aim is to analyze possible environmental risk factors associated with the severity of ASD.Methods: All participating children were divided into two groups (mild and severe) according to the severity of their symptoms, as determined by their Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) scores. The socioeconomic and demographic factors that may affect the severity of ASD and the nutritional factors that were correlated with ASD symptoms were included in the logistic regression to analyze whether they were risk factors that affected the severity of ASD.Results: Logistic regression showed that maternal education (P=0.038, OR=1.694, 95% CI: 1.029-2.789), gastrointestinal problems (P=0.045, OR=1.770, 95% CI: 1.012-3.097) and a high serum concentration of lead (P=0.001, OR=1.038, 95% CI: 1.016-1.060) were statistically significantly associated with ASD severity.Conclusion: Many environmental factors affect the severity of ASD. We concluded that maternal education, gastrointestinal problems and serum concentration of lead were risk factors that affected the severity of ASD in northeast China.

scholarly journals Non-parental caregivers, low maternal education, gastrointestinal problems and high blood lead level: predictors related to the severity of autism spectrum disorder in Northeast China

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Han-Yu Dong ◽  
Jun-Yan Feng ◽  
Hong-Hua Li ◽  
Xiao-Jing Yue ◽  
Fei-Yong Jia
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Blood Lead Level ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Gastrointestinal Problems

Abstract Background The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has increased rapidly in recent years. Environmental factors may play an important role in the pathogenesis of ASD. These factors may include socioeconomic factors, nutritional factors, heavy metal exposure, air pollution, etc. Our aim is to analyze possible environmental factors associated with the severity of ASD. Methods All participating children were divided into two groups (mild and moderate/severe) according to the severity of their symptoms, as determined by their Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) scores. The socioeconomic, demographic factors and the nutritional factors that may affect the severity of ASD were included in the logistic regression to analyze whether they were predictors that affected the severity of ASD. Results Logistic regression showed that caregivers(P = 0.042), maternal education (P = 0.030), gastrointestinal problems (P = 0.041) and a high serum concentration of lead (P = 0.003) were statistically significantly associated with ASD severity. Conclusion Many environmental factors affect the severity of ASD. We concluded that non-parental caregivers, low maternal education, gastrointestinal problems and high blood lead level maybe predictors that affected the severity of ASD in northeast China.

Effects of Nutritional Factors on Production of Bacterial Bioactive Metabolites against Aflatoxin Biosynthesis

2011 ◽  
Vol 343-344 ◽  
pp. 564-567
Author(s):  
Zhuo Wang ◽  
Pei Sheng Yan ◽  
Li Xin Cao ◽  
Qian Wei Li ◽  
Feng Lin
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Inorganic Salt ◽  
Fermentation Medium ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Aflatoxin Biosynthesis ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Nutritional Factors

Bacillus subtilis is potential to play an important role on biological control of aflatoxin-producing fungi. The liquid fermentation medium of Bacillus subtilis LN for production of bioactive metabolites inhibitory to mycelial growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis was optimized by single factor experiments. The results showed that optimum carbon source was glucose, the optimum nitrogen source was soy peptone, and the optimum inorganic salt was MgSO4.These screened optimal carbon, nitrogen and inorganic salt sources could be used for high yield fermentation of bioactive metabolites for developing biopesticide against aflatoxin contamination in foods.

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