PURIFICATION AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF VIRUSES CAUSING CHERRY YELLOWS AND RELATED DISEASES

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Willison ◽  
M. Weintraub ◽  
J. D. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Single Mode ◽  
Amyl Alcohol ◽  
Differential Centrifugation ◽  
Sodium Bisulphite ◽  
Green Ring ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate Precipitation ◽  
Ring Spot

Virus entities associated with necrotic ring spot, yellows, and green ring mottle of sour cherry, tatter leaf of sweet cherry, prune dwarf, and two viroses of rose have been purified and concentrated from cucumber leaves and/or peach and cherry petals and peach leaves by differential centrifugation. To prevent inactivation of the virus, the Prunus tissues were homogenized with 0.1% potassium cyanide in 2.5% sodium bisulphite. Infective extracts of some of the entities were also prepared by ammonium sulphate precipitation and from aqueous chloroform–amyl-alcohol emulsion. Particles ranging from less than 10 to more than 100 mμ in diameter were observed with the electron microscope in extracts from both healthy and virus-infected sources. In the former, prepared by differential centrifugation, particles were distributed about a series of peaks at 10 mμ intervals and, in the latter, about a single mode characteristic of the entity under examination. Particles associated with different entities ranged from 28 mμ diameter for rose mosaic to 50 mμ for some tatter leaf and green ring mottle isolates. In extracts known to contain two viruses, characteristic distributions of each component of the mixture could be determined if the mean particle diameter of one virus was known and differed from that of the other entity by 5 mμ or more. Evidence based on particle characteristics, supplemented by cross protections and comparative symptomatology suggests that the necrotic ring spot virus is not necessarily involved in the etiology of cherry yellows, prune dwarf, tatter leaf, or green ring mottle.

SEROLOGICAL PROPERTIES COMMON TO DIFFERENT ISOLATES OF SOME STONE-FRUIT VIRUSES

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1387-1391 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Tremaine ◽  
R. S. Willison
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Green Ring ◽  
Virus Antigens ◽  
Ring Spot ◽  
Gel Diffusion

Virus entities in cucumber associated with cherry yellows, green ring mottle, and necrotic ring spot of sour cherry; tatter leaf of sweet cherry; and prune dwarf were found to be serologically related but not identical. The virus antigens were compared in gel-diffusion precipitin tests with antisera prepared from both cucumber leaves and infected cherry petals.

SEROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SOME STONE-FRUIT VIRUS ISOLATES

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Tremaine ◽  
R. S. Willison
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Cucumber Plant ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Green Ring ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Ring Spot ◽  
Virus Isolates ◽  
Gel Diffusion

Concentrated extracts of petals from trees infected with stone-fruit virus diseases, and of cucumber plants inoculated with viruses isolated from these trees, were tested serologically by the gel-diffusion technique with antisera prepared by injection of petal and cucumber plant preparations into rabbits. An antigen, antigen Q, was detected in two yellows, latent and recurrent necrotic ring spot, two green ring mottle isolates from sour cherry, a prune dwarf isolate, two tatter leaf of sweet cherry isolates, and isolates from latent infections of plum and peach. Another antigen, the V antigen, was detected in all the isolates with the exception of a latent necrotic ring spot isolate. A third antigen, antigen P, was detected only in the two yellows, recurrent necrotic ring spot, two green ring mottle isolates from sour cherry, a prune dwarf isolate, and two tatter leaf isolates from sweet cherry. Some differences between the Q antigens in certain isolates were demonstrated, but the V antigens differed little from isolate to isolate. The recurrent necrotic ring spot isolate was shown to contain at least two distinct viruses and the P antigen was associated with one of these viruses.

EFFECTS OF NECROTIC RING SPOT AND SOUR CHERRY YELLOWS ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF YOUNG SOUR CHERRY TREES

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 525-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Davidson ◽  
J. A. George
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Spot Virus ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Ring Spot ◽  
Block Experiment ◽  
Cherry Trees

In a randomized block experiment sour cherry trees were infected at 1, 2, 4, or 6 years of age with either the necrotic ring spot virus (NRSV) or the sour cherry yellows virus (SCYV) or with both. Tree growth was retarded by both viruses but the effects of SCYV were most severe. A marked retardation of the growth rate following SCYV infection persisted for two to five years depending on the age of the tree when infected. The growth rate of trees infected with both viruses was very similar to that for trees with SCYV only and indicates the predominance of this virus in these combinations. NRSV alone caused a slight reduction in growth rate but there was never an abrupt effect.Because the effects of SCYV on growth and tree form were severe, yields were very low. NRSV caused only a 10 to 30% reduction in growth but the reduction in yield varied from 36 to 56%. Hence the effects of NRS may be of more economic importance than the relatively minor reductions in growth have indicated.

SEROLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME STONE-FRUIT VIRUSES: NON-VIRUS PARTICLES ASSOCIATED WITH INFECTION

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1447-1452 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Willison ◽  
J. H. Tremaine ◽  
M. Weintraub
Keyword(s):  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Double Diffusion ◽  
Nucleic Acid Content ◽  
Yellow Virus ◽  
Spot Virus ◽  
Agar Gel ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Ring Spot ◽  
Virus Isolates

Cherry yellow virus, isolates Y.2 and Y.4, and necrotic ring spot virus, isolates N.4 and N.5, purified either from cucumber leaves or from sour cherry petals, were characterized by antigenically related particles that sedimented at approximately 72 S. Some preparations of each virus derived from either host also contained either a 35 S or a 22 S component usually having a low nucleic acid content. Such preparations were shown by the agar gel double-diffusion technique to contain two antigens, V and Q, that were only distantly, if at all, related. The 72 S component is associated with the V antigen, whereas the 22 S and 35 S components are tentatively considered to be two forms of the Q antigen. The Q antigen could also be detected in clarified expressed sap of infected cucumber tissue, but not in that of healthy cucumber nor in extracts prepared from healthy sources by methods used to purify the viruses. The Q antigen is thus associated with infection, but its origin has not yet been satisfactorily determined.

CROSS PROTECTION AND INTERFERENCE WITH SOME STONE-FRUIT VIRUSES

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1041-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Willison
Keyword(s):  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Subsequent Infection ◽  
Spot Virus ◽  
Synergistic Response ◽  
One Year ◽  
Ring Spot ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Virus Strains

One-year-old virus-free sour cherry trees of the variety Montmorency were inoculated singly with buds from different source trees infected with sour cherry yellows, necrotic ring spot, prune dwarf, and tatter leaf respectively. The infections thus established in the test trees were later challenged by inoculation with isolates from different sources. Conspicuous recurrent symptoms occurred when infection from a tatter leaf isolate was challenged by either of two necrotic ring spot virus strains, but not when the order of challenge was reversed. These symptoms are interpreted as a synergistic response to infection by two viruses, one from each source, within a limited range of interaction. Trees previously infected with necrotic ring spot when reinoculated with cherry yellows isolates showed symptoms of cherry yellows, usually preceded by secondary shock. The reciprocal challenges, on the other hand, induced no symptoms of necrotic ring spot, probably because each of the cherry yellows sources carried a strain of the necrotic ring spot virus. There were indications, however, of interference between the two viruses. Infection with the prune dwarf virus did not protect against subsequent infection with the cherry yellows virus. Mixed infections with the necrotic ring spot and prune dwarf viruses did not cause cherry yellows.

SYMPTOMS OF SOUR CHERRY YELLOWS AND NECROTIC RING SPOT IN RELATION TO TIME OF INOCULATION

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Davidson ◽  
J. A. George
Keyword(s):  
Sour Cherry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spot Virus ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
Symptom Patterns ◽  
Ring Spot ◽  
Rate Of Movement ◽  
Cherry Trees

Each month throughout the growing seasons of 1954 and 1955 two pairs of virus-free Montmorency sour cherry trees were inoculated by budding or patch grafting, one pair with cherry yellows and the other with necrotic ring spot virus. Shock symptoms induced by the two viruses were indistinguishable except that growth was retarded more severely and longer with yellows than with ring spot. However, the type and distribution of initial symptoms varied with the time of inoculation. Four symptom patterns were distinguished, and each was associated with an inoculation period. Seasonal symptom variations also revealed that the rate of movement of the yellows virus differed from that of the ring spot virus.

scholarly journals SPREAD OF NECROTIC RING SPOT AND SOUR CHERRY YELLOWS VIRUSES IN NIAGARA PENINSULA ORCHARDS

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 471-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Davidson ◽  
J. A. George
Keyword(s):  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Secondary Symptom ◽  
Spot Virus ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Ring Spot ◽  
Usual Reaction ◽  
Trace Reactions

In the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario necrotic ring spot (NRS) and sour cherry yellows (SCY) are the two principal virus diseases of sour cherry. Since 1951 most trees grown in this area have been propagated from virus-free budwood but about 4% of the rootstock used carries virus.A combination of symptoms known as ’shock’ is the usual reaction to infection with either virus. However, in some trees the first sign of infection is only an etch, which is usually considered to be a secondary symptom of NRS. In a few trees the primary symptoms are very mild trace reactions strongly suggestive of trees that have been infected for a long time. Indexing on peach seedlings is generally not a good indicator of current season infection. It is however very accurate in detecting virus in trees that have been infected for more than 1 year.The rate of virus spread in young orchards is dependent upon the age of the orchard, the proximity of older diseased trees, and the amount of disease within the orchard. Necrotic ring spot virus (NRSV) spreads very slowly in orchards under 4 years old but can spread very rapidly in orchards over 4 years old. Most rapid spread of NRS occurs after 20% of the trees in an orchard are infected. Sour cherry yellows virus on the other hand does not spread rapidly until after the 10th year. Both viruses can spread over a considerable distance, NRSV at least 800 yd and SCYV about 100 yd, but most infections of both occur within 50 ft of a known source. There is no indication that any plant other than sour cherry serves as a source of inoculum.

scholarly journals Analysis of Double-Stranded RNAs from Cherry Trees with Stem Pitting in California

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 871-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-Ping Zhang ◽  
J. K. Uyemoto ◽  
B. C. Kirkpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Cloning And Sequencing ◽  
Green Ring ◽  
Flowering Cherry ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Stem Pitting ◽  
Dsrna Species

Five distinct dsRNA species were recovered from Bing sweet cherry (Prunus avium (L.) L.) trees with stem pitting symptoms. A 4.7-kilobase pair (kbp) dsRNA was isolated from mahaleb rootstock (P. mahaleb L.); an unrelated 4.7-kbp dsRNA, always co-purified with a 1.3-kbp dsRNA, and a 9-kbp dsRNA were from Bing cherry. In addition, an 8.5-kbp dsRNA found in diseased Shirofugen flowering cherry and in Bing cherry was identified as sour cherry green ring mottle virus (CGRMV). The larger, 8.5- and 9.0-kbp dsRNA species were graft-transmissible, while the smaller ones were non-transmissible and appeared cryptic in nature. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays were developed for each dsRNA species by cloning and sequencing cDNA synthesized from the dsRNA templates. When several diseased collections were assayed by RT-PCR, approximately 14% reacted positively with primers for the 9.0-kbp dsRNA or CGRMV. Although CGRMV and the 9.0-kbp dsRNA caused wood-marking symptoms in graft-inoculated Mazzard (P. avium) seedling trees, no xylem or canopy symptoms developed in grafted Bing cherry. The causal agent or agents of cherry stem pitting have not been identified.

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