EFFECTS OF BENZENEHEXACHLORIDE ON SOIL MICROORGANISMS: I. EXPERIMENTS WITH AUTOTROPHIC BACTERIA

P. H. H. Gray

doi:10.1139/b54-001

EFFECTS OF BENZENEHEXACHLORIDE ON SOIL MICROORGANISMS: I. EXPERIMENTS WITH AUTOTROPHIC BACTERIA

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b54-001 ◽

1954 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

P. H. H. Gray

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Microorganisms ◽

Nitrifying Bacteria ◽

Filler Materials ◽

Toxic Component ◽

Autotrophic Bacteria ◽

Mineral Soils ◽

Reduced Toxicity ◽

Solution Cultures ◽

Vegetable Compost

Benzenehexachloride (BHC) and its gamma isomer were toxic against bacteria that oxidize ammonia to nitrite, and those that oxidize nitrite to nitrate, in solution media inoculated with soils. They were not toxic against nitrifying bacteria in soils nor against those of a vegetable compost in solution cultures. They were also toxic against bacteria that oxidize thiosulphate in solution cultures of mineral soils. Additional organic matter reduced toxicity of the gamma isomer. The toxic component was in the benzenehexachloride and not in the "filler" materials. The gamma isomer was less effective than some other component or combination of components of the BHC. Neither the BHC nor the gamma isomer stimulated nitrification.

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EFFECTS OF BENZENEHEXACHLORIDE ON SOIL MICROORGANISMS: II. EXPERIMENTS WITH UREA-HYDROLYZING BACTERIA

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b54-002 ◽

1954 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 10-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. H. H. Gray

Keyword(s):

Soil Bacteria ◽

Soil Microorganisms ◽

Filler Materials ◽

Nitrate Production ◽

Wettable Powder ◽

Pure Cultures ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

Solution Cultures ◽

Hydrolysis Of Urea

Benzenehexachloride (BHC), as "Gammexane" or "Benexane 50" reduced the hydrolysis of urea by mixed and pure cultures of soil bacteria in solution cultures. It suppressed the development of urea hydrolyzing bacteria in gelatine plate cultures. The reduction or suppression was apparently due to the benzenehexachloride (and not to the "filler" materials in the wettable powder), by interference with the action of the urease, as well as by preventing growth of the bacteria; the gamma isomer had no effect. BHC did not suppress nitrate production from urea in soil.

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Optimizing the Step-Feed Ratio and Modeling the Effluents of Aerobic Tank with ASM1 in ECOSUNIDE Process

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.526 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 178-181 ◽

pp. 526-530

Author(s):

Ruo Gu Li ◽

Yan Qiu Zhang

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Activated Sludge ◽

Ammonia Nitrogen ◽

Feed Ratio ◽

Optimum Ratio ◽

Matlab Simulink ◽

Activated Sludge Model ◽

Model Based ◽

Autotrophic Bacteria ◽

Optimum Model

The step feed model based on the Activated Sludge Model No.1 (ASM1) and the optimum model of the ammonia nitrogen (SNH) removal in wastewater were established. Four aeration tanks under the different step feed ratios were simulated by Matlab Simulink. The results show that single-feeding is conducive to the removal of readily biodegradable substrate (SS) and the growth of heterotrophic organisms (XBH), and to lower the biodegradable substrate (XS) at the same time. The SS, XS, and SNH concentrations are 1.36, 5.98, and 3.02 mg/L respectively in effluent. However, the step-feeding is conducive to the SNH removal, and the autotrophic bacteria (XBA) growth. Under the step feed ratio (25/25/25/25%), the SS, XS, and SNH concentrations are 2.64, 10.79, and 2.61 mg/L respectively. Under the optimum ratio (28.7/23.6/20.4/27.2%), step-feeding could further facilitate the removal of SNH and hinder the removal of organic matter, their concentrations are 2.70, 10.98, and 2.47 mg/L respectively.

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Assimilation of CO2 by soil microorganisms and transformation into soil organic matter

Organic Geochemistry ◽

10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.05.001 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 35 (9) ◽

pp. 1015-1024 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

Anja Miltner ◽

Hans-Hermann Richnow ◽

Frank-Dieter Kopinke ◽

Matthias Kästner

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Organic Matter ◽

Soil Microorganisms

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Soil microbial biomass—Interpretation and consideration for soil monitoring

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr10203 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 287 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

V. Gonzalez-Quiñones ◽

E. A. Stockdale ◽

N. C. Banning ◽

F. C. Hoyle ◽

Y. Sawada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Microbial Biomass ◽

Soil Microorganisms ◽

Soil Microbial Biomass ◽

Biological Function ◽

Anthropogenic Change ◽

Soil Monitoring ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Quality Assessments ◽

The Impact

Since 1970, measurement of the soil microbial biomass (SMB) has been widely adopted as a relatively simple means of assessing the impact of environmental and anthropogenic change on soil microorganisms. The SMB is living and dynamic, and its activity is responsible for the regulation of organic matter transformations and associated energy and nutrient cycling in soil. At a gross level, an increase in SMB is considered beneficial, while a decline in SMB may be considered detrimental if this leads to a decline in biological function. However, absolute SMB values are more difficult to interpret. Target or reference values of SMB are needed for soil quality assessments and to allow ameliorative action to be taken at an appropriate time. However, critical values have not yet been successfully identified for SMB. This paper provides a conceptual framework which outlines how SMB values could be interpreted and measured, with examples provided within an Australian context.

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The influence of feed quality from peat soils on the productivity of cattle

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/901/1/012017 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 901 (1) ◽

pp. 012017

Author(s):

A N Ulanov ◽

V N Kovshova ◽

O G Mokrushina ◽

A V Smirnova ◽

A L Glubokovskih ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Human Activity ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Perennial Grasses ◽

Resource Saving ◽

Peat Soils ◽

Genetic Potential ◽

Mineral Soils ◽

Livestock Products

Abstract In the context of the implementation of environmental, resource-saving systems of agriculture, research in the system of biogeocenosis is very relevant: soil – plant-feed-animal-livestock products. Peatlands and developed peat soils are a kind of environment for human activity in this system. As a result of many years of research, it was found that perennial grasses grown on peat soils have differences in chemical composition compared to plants grown on mineral soils. They contain more organic matter and raw protein. However, their digestibility of nutrients is lower than in herbs grown on mineral soils. Therefore, for a full-fledged balanced feeding of cows, the realization of the genetic potential of animal productivity, and the preservation of their health, scientifically-based diets are necessary, developed on the basis of bulky feeds obtained from peat and developed soils, with the introduction of appropriate feed additives in them.

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Chemical Compounds and Decomposition Process from Four Species Leaf Litter As a Source of Organic Matter Soil in Anggori Education Forest, Manokwari

Journal of Sylva Indonesiana ◽

10.32734/jsi.v3i02.2848 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (02) ◽

pp. 60-67

Author(s):

Aditya Rahmadaniarti ◽

Wolfram Y. Mofu

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Microorganisms ◽

Litter Quality ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Decomposition Process ◽

Quality Factors ◽

Polyphenol Content ◽

Simple Change ◽

Physical And Chemical

Decomposition is a simple change of physical and chemical processes by soil microorganisms—the rate of decomposition process influenced by climate and litter quality factors. Litter content of chemical compounds is essential to determine the litter's quality so that it can be estimated the decomposition process. Leaves litter of Magnolia tsiampacca, Intsia bijuga, Cinnamomum cullilawan, and Aglaia sp., were collected and analyzed for their chemical compounds. Based on lignin and nitrogen content (L/N) value, Cinnamomum cullilawan have the fastest decomposition process. On the contrary, Intsia bijuga has low litter quality, so that has the slowest decomposition process. However, it has the lowest lignin content and high polyphenol content. Our research found that four observed species were able to be used as sources of soil organic matter, although the litter quality is relatively low.

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The Influence of the Organic Matter of Sewage Sediments on Biological Activity of Microorganisms which Carry Out the Transformations of Carbon and Nitrogen Compounds

Polish Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.33073/pjm-2013-061 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 445-452

Author(s):

IZABELLA PISAREK ◽

KATARZYNA GRATA

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Biological Activity ◽

Organic Nitrogen ◽

Soil Microorganisms ◽

Natural Habitat ◽

Transformation Process ◽

Nitrogen Compounds ◽

Soil Environment ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

Cellulolytic Microorganisms

Soil microorganisms play an important role in the organic matter transformation process. The soil microorganisms also are in symbiotic relationship with plants. At the same time, soil microorganisms are sensitive to both anthropogenic and natural habitat changes. Particular characteristics of organic matter (the C:N relation, pH, the content the content of assimilated nutrients, the xenobiotics etc.) modify the biotic conditions of the soils. This particularly concerns the microorganisms which carry out the changes in the mineral and organic nitrogen compounds and the transformation of the external organic matter. The first aim of this work was to assess the influence of the sewage sediments and the manure on the phytosanitary potential of the soil environment. The second aim of this article was to estimate the number and activity of microorganisms which carry out the transformation of carbon and nitrogen compounds. This work showed the stimulating effect of the external organic matter both on the number and on the activity of most of the physiological groups. The manure mainly stimulated ammonificators, amylolitic microorganisms and Azotobacter sp. The sewage sediments mainly stimulated ammonificators, nitrifiers of I phase and cellulolytic microorganisms. The statistically significant impact of the physio-chemical soil habitat on the biological activity of the analyzed groups of microbes was also noted.

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Relationships between extractable Al, selected soil properties, pH buffer capacity and lime requirement in some acidic Queensland soils

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr9920119 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 119 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

RL Aitken

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Buffer Capacity ◽

Clay Content ◽

Ph Buffering ◽

Ph Buffer ◽

Mineral Soils ◽

Chloride Salts ◽

Hydrolysis Of

The objectives of this study were to examine (1) interrelationships between various forms of extractable A1 and selected soil properties, (2) the contribution of extractable A1 to pH buffer capacity, and (3) investigate the use of extractable A1 to predict lime requirement. Aluminium was extracted from each of 60 Queensland soils with a range of chloride salts: 1 M KCl (AlK), 0.5 M CuCl2 (AlCu), 0.33 M LaCl3 (AlLa) and 0.01 M CaCl2 (AlCa). The amounts of A1 extracted were in the order AlCu > AlLa > Alk > AlCa. Little or no A1 was extracted by KC1 or Lac13 in soils with pHw values greater than 5.5 , whereas CuCl2 extracted some A1 irrespective of soil pH. The greater amounts of A1 extracted by CuCl2 were attributed mainly to A1 from organic matter, even though all of the soils were mineral soils (organic carbon 54.7%). Both AlCu and AlLa, were significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with organic carbon, whereas none of the extractable A1 measures was correlated with clay content. AlK and A~L, were poorly correlated to pH buffer capacity. The linear relationship between AlCu and pH buffer capacity (r2 = 0.49) obtained in this study supports the view of previous researchers that the hydrolysis of A1 adsorbed by organic matter is a source of pH buffering in soils. However, the change in CEC with pH accounted for 76% of the variation in pH buffer capacity, indicating that other mechanisms such as deprotonation of organic groups and variable charge minerals are also involved in pH buffering. The ability of CuCl2 and LaCl3extractable Al to estimate lime requirement depended on the target pH. The results suggest that lime requirements based on neutralization of AlLa would be sufficient to raise pHw to around 5.5, whereas requirements based on neutralization of AlCu substantially overestimated the actual lime requirement to pHw 5.5, but gave a reasonable estimation of the lime requirement to pHw 6 5.

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