STUDIES ON MICROORGANISMS IN ARCTIC AIR DURING 1949 AND 1950

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Pady ◽  
C. D. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The South ◽  
Air Sampler ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Daily Sampling ◽  
Baker Lake ◽  
Resolute Bay ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

The numbers of bacteria and fungi in arctic air were determined by daily sampling at Churchill, Man., during July and August 1950, and in three flights, one to Baker Lake, N.W.T., and the remainder to Resolute Bay, N.W.T. Of the three samplers which were used simultaneously the G.E. Bacterial Air Sampler gave slightly higher readings than the Bourdillon Slit Sampler, while the filter gave low readings throughout.Daily averages of bacteria at ground level ranged from 0.9 to 30.1 per cu. ft., and in the flight to Resolute Bay from 0.3 to 0.9 per cu. ft. while the comparable readings of the fungi were 0.5 to 4.4 and 0.01 to 0.7 per cu. ft. with the slit sampler. Considerable variation occurred in ground level samples, not only from day to day but throughout the day. Silicone slide studies revealed high numbers, up to 115 per cu. ft., which includes a high proportion of nonviable fungus spores. Most of the organisms are soil inhabiting forms but some fungus parasites were present, chiefly as smut (Ustilago) spores. Evidence indicates that winds originating in the south carry large numbers of organisms northward, many of which are nonviable when they reach the arctic, while north winds of polar origin contain very low numbers even in the summer.

MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF AIR MASSES OVER MONTREAL DURING 1950 AND 1951

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 591-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Kelly ◽  
S. M. Pady
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
High Fungus ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Above Ground Level ◽  
Air Sampler ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

The numbers of bacteria and fungi in air masses over Montreal, Canada, were determined by sampling at the top of the Sun Life Building, 400 ft. above ground level, from September 1950 to December 1951. During 113 days of sampling, 978 exposures were made with agar plates in the General Electric Bacterial Air Sampler and the Bourdillon Slit Sampler. Eighty-seven exposures for fungus spores were made with silicone coated slides in the Slit Sampler. Most of the air encountered was continental polar either moving direct to Montreal, found on 38 days, or modified by moving over agricultural land, sampled on 51 days. Maritime polar air from the Atlantic was encountered on 21 days, and from the Pacific on one day. Maritime tropic air from the Gulf of Mexico was encountered twice. The seasonal variation of bacteria and fungi in all air masses showed low counts in January, February, and March. Higher bacterial counts were obtained from early April into July and from early September into November, covering a range from 3.0 to 55.0 per cu. ft. Lower counts were found during late July and August. The high fungus counts extended from May into November and covered a range from 5.0 to 56.3 per cu. ft. Both continental polar and maritime polar air that moved over considerable cultivated land showed generally higher counts than where these air masses moved directly to Montreal.

AIR-BORNE FUNGI IN THE ARCTIC AND OTHER PARTS OF CANADA

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Pady ◽  
L. Kapica
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Qualitative Studies ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Resolute Bay ◽  
Agricultural Areas

Quantitative and qualitative studies were made of the fungi in the air over various parts of Canada and Alaska, continuing studies in arctic aerobiology. In winter, arctic air is apparently sterile: in summer, at Ft. Churchill, Man., ground level samples varied from 0.5 to 4.4 per cu. ft. Cladosporium was the commonest fungus (average 0.5 per cu. ft.), followed by yeasts (0.16), Penicillium (0.06), and Stemphylium (0.03 per cu. ft.). Other fungi present were Pullularia, Botrytis, Aspergillus, Verticillium, Pyrenochaete, Helminthosporium, Phyllosticta, Papularia, Cunninghamella, and Sporormia. Of 3711 colonies 57% failed to sporulate. Silicone slide readings as high as 114.9 fungus spores per cu. ft. were obtained and included the following: yeasts (8.6), Cladosporium (3.8), smuts (2.5), Fusarium (0.6), Alternaria (0.06 per cu. ft.), Venturia, Cercospora, Septoria, rusts, Leptosphaeria, Sordaria, and Pleospora and many hyaline one-celled spores. In two flights to Resolute Bay, N.W.T., the flora was found to be similar to that at Ft. Churchill but numbers did not exceed 1 per cu. ft., although readings up to 78 fungus spores per cu. ft. were recorded on slides in warm air over Hudson Bay. Most of the fungi are considered to be soil types originating in agricultural areas and carried northward by southerly winds. The majority are no longer viable when they reach the arctic. There is evidence that the numbers of fungi are correlated with air masses, not only in the arctic but also in air over other parts of Canada.

Logistic problems in the Canadian Arctic

Polar Record ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 10 (67) ◽  
pp. 365-371
Author(s):  
T. A. Harwood
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Weather Bureau ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Resolute Bay ◽  
States Weather

In 1946 the United States Weather Bureau and the Canadian Meteorological Service installed the first of the Joint Arctic Weather Stations at Resolute Bay. The network of satellite stations was extended into the Arctic archipelago in the following years on roughly a 275-mile spacing to Mould Bay, Isachsen, Eureka and Alert.

scholarly journals Atmospheric Circulation Effects on Wind Speed Variability at Turbine Height

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Klink
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Circulation Index ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Change Models ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
The North

Abstract Mean monthly wind speed at 70 m above ground level is investigated for 11 sites in Minnesota for the period 1995–2003. Wind speeds at these sites show significant spatial and temporal coherence, with prolonged periods of above- and below-normal values that can persist for as long as 12 months. Monthly variation in wind speed primarily is determined by the north–south pressure gradient, which captures between 22% and 47% of the variability (depending on the site). Regression on wind speed residuals (pressure gradient effects removed) shows that an additional 6%–15% of the variation can be related to the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Niño-3.4 sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. Wind speeds showed little correspondence with variation in the Pacific–North American (PNA) circulation index. The effect of the strong El Niño of 1997/98 on the wind speed time series was investigated by recomputing the regression equations with this period excluded. The north–south pressure gradient remains the primary determinant of mean monthly 70-m wind speeds, but with 1997/98 removed the influence of the AO increases at nearly all stations while the importance of the Niño-3.4 SSTs generally decreases. Relationships with the PNA remain small. These results suggest that long-term patterns of low-frequency wind speed (and thus wind power) variability can be estimated using large-scale circulation features as represented by large-scale climatic datasets and by climate-change models.

Archaeological Discoveries in Sicily and Magna Graecia

1939 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-228
Author(s):  
Umberto Zanotti-Bianco
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
The South ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Magna Graecia ◽  
South West ◽  
Southern Side ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Southern Flank

In my previous report (JHS, 1938, p. 247) I spoke of the work being carried on at Syracuse to bring to light the remains of the temple of Apollo. The east, north, and west sides had been freed by then, whilst the southern side was still hidden under seventeenth- and eighteenth-century houses, so that it had never been possible to dig trial trenches through their foundations to ascertain if any part of the temple was preserved there. The demolition of the houses and the excavation under the modern ground level beginning from the south-west angle have fully satisfied our hopes. Five columns of the southern flank of the peristasis have appeared, preserved to a height of over 2 metres, with the stylobate beneath them (Fig. 1): only the angle column had been destroyed during the building of the walls of the Spanish barracks. The cella is equally well preserved, and a third of its total length has already been liberated, although the work is in temporary suspense owing to unsettled disputes with the owners of the houses. The southern flank of the archaic Syracusan temple appears to be in much better condition than the others.

Sailing into the Anthropocene

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Dauvergne
Keyword(s):  
South Pacific ◽  
The Political ◽  
Pacific Island ◽  
The South ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Starting Date ◽  
History Of The South

Chapters 2–6 survey the political and socioeconomic forces underlying the global sustainability crisis. Understanding the scale and depth of contemporary forces of capitalism and consumerism requires a close look at the consequences of imperialism and colonialism on patterns of violence and exploitation. This chapter begins this process of understanding by sketching the history of ecological imperialism after 1600, seeing this as a reasonable starting date for the beginning of what many scholars are now calling the Anthropocene Epoch (or the age of humans, replacing the geologic epoch of the Holocene beginning 12,000 years ago). It opens with Captain Pedro Fernandes de Queirós’s voyage across the Pacific Ocean in 1605–06 to “discover” modern-day Vanuatu, before turning to look more globally at the devastation of imperialism – and later colonialism – for the South Pacific, the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Over this time conquerors enslaved and murdered large numbers of indigenous people; cataclysmic change came as well, however, from the introduction of European diseases, plants, and animals. This chapter’s survey of imperialism, colonialism, and globalization sets the stage for Chapter 3, which explores the devastating history of the South Pacific island of Nauru after 1798.

scholarly journals Objective-Prism Galaxy Redshifts in Fields Around the South Galactic Pole

1984 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 405-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q.A. Parker ◽  
H.T. MacGillivray ◽  
R.J. Dodd ◽  
J.A. Cooke ◽  
S.M. Beard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Schmidt Telescope ◽  
The South ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Objective Prism ◽  
The Uk

AbstractMeasurements made with the COSMOS machine on deep objectiveprism photographs taken with the UK 1.2m Schmidt Telescope are being used to obtain approximate redshifts (accurate to ~ 0.01 in z) for large numbers of galaxies in fields near the South Galactic Pole. The data are suitable for investigations of the distribution of galaxies, such as the detection of large-scale density enhancements or voids.

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