CARBON AND OXIDATION–REDUCTION BALANCES AND THE ESTIMATION OF FERMENTATION EFFICIENCIES OF AEROBIC FERMENTATIONS

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Shu ◽  
J. A. Thorn
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Microbial Cell ◽  
Aerobic Fermentation ◽  
Fermentation Efficiency ◽  
Respiratory Loss ◽  
Oxidation Reduction

A method for preparing carbon and oxidation–reduction balances of aerobic fermentations is described. In spite of the complexity of the microbial cell, relatively few and simple analyses of the material are necessary for the purpose of constructing the balances. To test the method, balances were made on citric acid and ustilagic acid fermentations. Excellent results were obtained. Based on the principle of material balance, a number of formulae for calculating the fermentation efficiency and respiratory loss have been established for fermentations involving substrates and products of varied oxidation–reduction status. Limitations of the method and formulae are also discussed. Results obtained by the described methods and equations are of value in correlating the various processes occurring in an aerobic fermentation and in providing an over-all picture of the fermentation.

Brownstock washing: A review of the literature

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICARDO B. SANTOS ◽  
PETER W. HART
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Pulp Fibers ◽  
Kraft Process ◽  
Cooking Process ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Entrapped Air

Brownstock washing is a complex, dynamic process in which dirty wash water or weak black liquor (dissolved organic and inorganic material obtained from the pulp cooking process) is separated from pulp fibers. The use of material balance techniques is of great importance to identify potential problems and determine how well the system is operating. The kraft pulping industry was the first known to combine pulp washing with the recovery of materials used and produced in the wood cooking process. The motivation behind materials recovery is economic, and more recently, environmentally driven. The chemicals used in the kraft process are expensive as compared to those used in the sulfite process. For the kraft process to be economically viable, it is imperative that a very high percentage of the cooking chemicals be recovered. To reach such high efficiency, a variety of washing systems and monitoring parameters have been developed. Antifoam additives and processing aids have also played an important role in increasing washing effectiveness. Antifoam materials help attain washing effectiveness by preventing entrapped air from forming in the system, which allows for an easier, unimpeded flow of filtrate through the screens and washers.

Coadministration of citric acid allows oxytetracycline dose reduction in yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata infected with Vibrio anguillarum

2020 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
K Akiyama ◽  
N Hirazawa ◽  
A Hatanaka
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Dose Reduction ◽  
Vibrio Anguillarum ◽  
Enhancing Effect ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Seriola Quinqueradiata ◽  
Poor Efficacy

Oxytetracycline (OTC) has been commonly used as an effective antibiotic against various fish bacterial diseases, including vibriosis. In this study, the absorption-enhancing effect of citric acid on oral OTC pharmacokinetics and treatment of artificial Vibrio anguillarum infection was evaluated in juvenile yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata followed by serum OTC concentration analysis. When 25 mg kg-1 body weight (BW) OTC was administered in combination with 1250 mg kg-1 BW citric acid, the serum OTC concentration reached almost the same concentration as that of the group treated with 50 mg kg-1 BW OTC. This coadministration successfully suppressed mortality due to vibriosis similar to the group treated with 50 mg kg-1 BW OTC. Conversely, poor efficacy was observed when only 25 mg kg-1 BW OTC was administered. These results suggest that coadministration of citric acid can be beneficial in reducing the dose of OTC needed for effective treatment, and thus contributes to the goal of reduced use of this antibiotic in aquaculture.

EFFECT OF SERUM GONADOTROPHIN ON DEHYDROGENASES OF THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE IN THE OVARY OF THE RAT

1963 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 480-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Eckstein ◽  
R. Landsberg
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Citric Acid Cycle ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Immature Rat ◽  
Acid Cycle ◽  
Immature Rats ◽  
Rat Ovary

ABSTRACT The succinic, malic and isocitric dehydrogenases in the ovary of immature and mature, normal and serum gonadotrophin injected rats were examined. The Qo2 of these enzymes were markedly enhanced in the gonadotrophin injected rats of both age groups, except in the case of succinic dehydrogenase in the ovary of the immature rats, where a slight non-significant decrease was noted. It is concluded that in the mature rat ovary, gonadotrophin administration stimulates the activity of all the examined dehydrogenases of the citric acid cycle, whereas in the immature rat ovary, at least the isocitric- and malic dehydrogenases are thus stimulated.

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