Leaf epidermal characters of Brazilian species of Solanum section Torva as taxonomic evidence

Botany ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (9) ◽  
pp. 806-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiriaki Nurit-Silva ◽  
Rafael Costa-Silva ◽  
Ionaldo J.L.D. Basílio ◽  
Maria de Fátima Agra
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Wave Pattern ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Leaf Epidermis ◽  
Taxonomic Significance ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Solanum Torvum ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Additional Support

To evaluate their taxonomic significance, the yet unknown epidermal characters of the leaves of 10 species of Solanum section Torva Nees (Solanaceae) from Brazil were determined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Our results indicated that the leaf epidermis showed epidermal cells of straight to wavy outlines. The curved pattern of anticlinal cell walls was predominant on the adaxial surface, and the wave pattern was predominant on the abaxial surface. Leaves are amphistomatic in six species ( Solanum acutilobum Dunal, Solanum bonariense L., Solanum guaraniticum A. St.-Hil., Solanum metrobotryon Dunal, Solanum scuticum M. Nee, and Solanum torvum Sw.) and hypostomatic in four species ( Solanum adspersum Witasek, Solanum paniculatum L., Solanum subumbellatum Vell., and Solanum variabile Mart.). Four different types of stomata (anisocytic, anomocytic, paracytic, and diacytic) were recognized, with the anisocytic type predominant on adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The combination of some micro-morphological characters such as density, distribution and type of stellate trichomes, the anticlinal walls of epidermal cells, and also the type and distribution of stomata proved to be the most useful and distinctive characters for the separation of species. This set of characters also may help as additional support in quality control of species having medicinal importance.

scholarly journals Micromorphology of endemic Centaurea glaberrima subsp. divergens (Asteraceae)

2022 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Gavrilović ◽  
Pedja Janaćković
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Involucral Bract ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Leaf Epidermis ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
First Time

In this study, the micromorphology of the vegetative and reproductive structures of the endemic Centaurea glaberrima Tausch subsp. divergens (Vis.) Hayek (Asteraceae), using scanning electron microscope (SEM), is presented for the first time. Uniseriate whip-like non-glandular and biseriate glandular trichomes are found on the surface of all aboveground parts (stem, leaves, peduncles, involucral bract). On the adaxial leaf epidermis ribbed thickenings (striation pattern) of outer periclinal cell walls, slightly curved anticlinal cell walls and anomocytic stomata are noticed. Rugose abaxial surface with thorny protuberances of the involucral bract is documented. Corolla is glabrous with longitudinally parallel epidermal cells with distinct straight outline. Isopolar, radially symmetric and tricolporate microechinate pollen grains are seen. Short stylar hairs, without cuticular striations, are present along the outer sides of the style, while the inner sides (abaxial surface) constitute the papillate stigmatic surface. Microcharacters found in cypsela are as follows: slightly ribbed body; rotund base; lateral and concave insertion; short, unicellular curly acute trichomes; smooth epidermis; fine-sulcate ornamentation; rod shaped epidermal cells with short, obtuse end walls and straight anticlinal walls; poorly developed minutely dentate pericarp rim; and dimorphic pappus with bristles of different length and morphology, with pinnules restricted to the margins of the bristles. The results obtained contribute to knowledge about the micromorphology of the studied endemic species and provide features for its better identification. The taxonomic significance of the analyzed characters is discussed. Some well defined microcharacters of the studied species might have taxonomic value

The epidermis in Passerina/ (Thymelaeaceae): structure, function and taxonomic significance

Bothalia ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Bredenkamp ◽  
A. E. Van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Cell Orientation ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Epidermal Structure ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Epidermal Features ◽  
Structural Adaptations

Epidermal features were studied in all 17 species of Passerina, a genus endemic to southern Africa. Leaves in Passerina are inversely ericoid, the adaxial surface concave and the abaxial surface convex. Leaves are inversely dorsiventral and epistomatic. The adaxial epidermis is villous, with unicellular, uniseriate trichomes and relatively small thin-walled cells, promoting flexibility of leaf margins owing to turgor changes. In common with many other Thymelaeaceae, abaxial epidermal cells are large and tanniniferous with mucilaginous cell walls. The cuticle is adaxially thin, but abaxially well devel­oped, probably enabling the leaf to restrict water loss and to tolerate high light intensity and UV-B radiation. Epicuticular waxes, present in all species, comprise both soft and plate waxes. Epidermal structure proves to be taxonomically impor­tant at family, genus and species levels. Interspecific differences include arrangement of stomata and presence or absence of abaxial epidermal hair. Other diagnostic characters of the abaxial epidermal cells are arrangement,size and shape, cutic- ular ornamentation and presence or absence of wax platelets. Two groups of species on the basis of abaxial epidermal cell orientation are recognised. Many leaf epidermal features in Passerina are interpreted as structural adaptations to the Mediterranean climate of the Cape.

A new species and comparative morphology of Vesselowskya (Cunoniaceae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Rozefelds ◽  
Richard W. Barnes ◽  
Belinda Pellow
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
New South ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Central Column ◽  
A New Species

The vegetative and reproductive morphology of Vesselowskya Pampanini, southern marara, is described and illustrated in detail. The variation within V. rubifolia (F.Muell.) Pampanini sens. lat. is shown to be greater than has previously been recognised, with the differences identified supporting the recognition of a new segregate species, V. venusta Rozefelds, R.W.Barnes and Pellow sp. nov. Vesselowskya venusta occurs in the Barrington Tops Plateau of New South Wales and differs from V. rubifolia in possessing hairs on the abaxial surface of the sepals and lacking both a prominent distal connective protrusion on the anthers and colleters at the base of the stipules. The two Vesselowskya species are dioecious with a vestigial ovary in staminate flowers and reduced stamens in pistillate flowers. Dioecy is more pronounced in Vesselowskya, than in some Weinmannia species, and in both genera is expressed through reduction in the size of the ovaries in staminate flowers, and stamens in pistillate flowers. Vesselowskya shares with the other genera in the tribe Cunonieae (Pancheria, Weinmannia and Cunonia), a central column in the fruits, and Cunonia-type stipules, but differs from these genera in having valvate aestivation, digitate leaves, craspedodromous secondary venation with secondary veins terminating at a tooth, tuft domatia along the midrib, adaxial epidermal cells with strongly sinuous cell walls and the absence of hydathodes.

Histopathological and ultrastructural comparison of Stemphylium sarcinaeforme and S. botryosum on red clover foliage

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (17) ◽  
pp. 2097-2108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verna J. Higgins ◽  
G. L. Lazarovits
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Toluidine Blue Staining ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Wall Appositions ◽  
Palisade Cells

As part of a continuing study of non-host resistance, red clover leaves inoculated with the clover pathogen Stemphylium sarcinaeforme, or the closely related alfalfa pathogen S. botryosum, were examined by light and electron microscopy to compare the events occurring in the initial stages of infection. Stemphylium botryosum penetrated leaves primarily via the stomata with resultant death of the guard cells and with varying effects on adjacent epidermal cells. Appressoria were frequently formed, and although they rarely resulted in successful penetrations, the contacted epidermal cells were often markedly affected as judged by toluidine blue staining. Growth of hyphae was intercellular but very limited in its extent. At some infection sites, one to several mesophyll cells underwent extensive plasmolysis and cytoplasmic disruption. Less severely affected mesophyll cells contained large lipid bodies, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi vesicles and had wall appositions at points of contact with necrotic cells or with hyphae. Stemphylium sarcinaeforme generally penetrated between or directly through the epidermal cells, causing death of the contacted cells. Hyphae grew intercellularly or intracellularly in the palisade tissue and hyphal elongation was considerably more rapid than that of S. botryosum. Palisade cells adjacent to, or containing, the hyphae underwent several different types of cytoplasmic deterioration. Mesophyll cells surrounding these areas showed the same features as comparable cells in tissue infected by S. botryosum. In tissue infected by either fungus, the exterior of host cell walls was coated with a layer of extracellular material.

scholarly journals The morphometric and numerical analysis of five species of Eragrostis sp. Wolf. based on silica bodies in leaf epidermal cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 2213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilpa Dinda ◽  
Amal Kumar Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Characteristic Structure ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Eragrostis Atrovirens

Many plants take up soluablemonosilicic acid from the soil. Some of these plants subsequently deposit it as cell inclusions of characteristic structure commonly known as silica bodies or phytolith. In the family Poaceae, different types of silica bodies are characteristic feature of the different subfamily. Eragrostis sp., belonging to the subfamily Chloridoideae. These micro-morphological characters of silica bodies of five species of Eragrostissp applied numerically by UPGMA method. Out of five species Eragrostis atrovirens and Eragrostis gangetica are very closely related and their pairing affinity value is 90%.

scholarly journals Taxonomic significance of stomatal complex in fifteen species of Dendrobium Swartz (Orchidaceae) of Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
Baba Maiya Pradhan ◽  
Devendra M. Bajracharya
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Stomatal Index ◽  
Taxonomic Significance ◽  
Stomatal Frequency ◽  
Complex Type ◽  
Surface Type ◽  
Stomatal Complex ◽  
The Family

Dendrobium Swartz is one of the largest and most problematic genus of the tribe Dendrobieae of the family Orchidaceae. Nepal harbors about thirty-one species of Dendrobium. Micro morphological characters like the stomatal complex in fifteen species of DendrobiumSwartz (Orchidaceae) of Nepal were studied for understanding the taxonomic significance of stomatal complex within the genus. For the study of stomatal complex of leaf, Carpenter’smethod was followed. Stomatal index and stomatal frequency were calculated using formulagiven by Salisbury. The terminologies used for the stomatal complex type were followed those of Patel. In all species the leaf surface was found hypostamic. Tetracytic (a-tetra-monocyclic,b-tetra-monocyclic and c-tetra-monocyclic) and eupara twi-monocyclic with hexa-monocyclictypes of stomata were recorded in the genus. Tetracytic type was found in fourteen species and eupara twi-monocyclic with hexa-monocyclic was found in only one species. The elliptical shape of stomata was found in more species than the circular shape. The epidermal cells of leaf was found rectangular, square, polygonal to irregular. The distribution of stomata on leaf surface, type of stomata and shape of epidermal cells were found to be taxonomically significant. These characters could be used as distinguishing characters to delimit the species in the genus.

Chemoscopic, macromorphological and micromorphological evaluation of the leaves of Crescentia cujetLinn

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
M.B. Olaniyi ◽  
I.O. Lawal ◽  
M.I. Adeniyi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Herbal Drug ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Cell Width ◽  
Fat Deposits ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Crescentia Cujete ◽  
Deep Green

The leaves of Crescentia cujete Linn belonging to Bignoniaceae family have been reported to exhibit some important medicinal properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-tumour and anti-inflammatory activities. This study therefore evaluated the chemoscopic, macro-morphological andmicromorphological attributes of powdered, fresh and anatomical sections of Crescentia cujete Linn leaves using standard methods. The result ofchemoscopic study confirmed presence of calcium oxalate crystals, fat deposits and traces of lignin in numbers on epidermal surfaces. Macro-morphological study revealed that C. cujete leaves are deep green in colour with faint odour, sour taste and smooth-feel with non-granular  surfaces. Micromorphological examinations indicated that epidermal cells are irregular, rectangular to polygonal in shape on the abaxial surface but epidermal cells on the adaxial surface were straight, slightly undulating with thick anticlinal cell walls. Paracytic stomata arrangement was found only on the abaxial surfaces. Quantitative leaf microscopy confirmed that epidermal cells had average sizes of 37.52 ± 4.62 – 39.23 ± 4.73 μm in  length while cell width was 25.51± 0.86 – 27.76 ± 4.21μm. The stomata length was 15.66 ± 2.04 and 6.29 ±0.93 in width. Organoleptic and other  parameters evaluated on C. cujete shows that it has optimum potential for herbal drug development and a baseline for species identification.

scholarly journals Morphological variability of the leaf epidermis in selected taxa of the genus Ficus L. (Moraceae) and its taxonomic implications

2011 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Klimko ◽  
Mariola Truchan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Leaf Epidermis ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Taxonomic Implications

The leaf epidermis of 36 taxa (species, subspecies, varieties and cultivars) of the genus <em>Ficus</em> (subgenera <em>Ficus</em>, <em>Synoecia</em>, <em>Sycomorus</em>, <em>Pharmacosycea</em> and <em>Urostigma</em>) was observed under LM and SEM. Characteristics of the epidermis are of particular taxonomic as well as phylogenetic interest because they differ conspicuously between species. The differences are especially prominent in the size and shape of epidermal cells, the shape of cell walls, peristomatal cuticular rim, the distribution and position of stomata, lithocysts, hydathodes, trichomes, and the types of wax, cuticle and trichomes. Results of this study provided data on new qualitative and quantitative traits of the leaf epidermis in the selected taxa, and confirmed the classification suggested by Berg (1989).

Is Empathy Required for Making Moral Judgments?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Deigh
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Psychopathic Personality ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Psychological Profile ◽  
Main Thesis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Additional Support

This essay is a study of the nature of moral judgment. Its main thesis is that moral judgment is a type of judgment defined by its content and not its psychological profile. The essay arrives at this thesis through a critical examination of Hume’s sentimentalism and the role of empathy in its account of moral judgment. The main objection to Hume’s account is its exclusion of people whom one can describe as making moral judgments though they have no motivation to act on them. Consideration of such people, particularly those with a psychopathic personality, argues for a distinction between different types of moral judgment in keeping with the essay’s main thesis. Additional support for the main thesis is then drawn from Piaget’s theory of moral judgment in children.

scholarly journals Constitutive Modeling of the Densification Behavior in Open-Porous Cellular Solids

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2731
Author(s):  
Ameya Rege
Keyword(s):  
Constitutive Model ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compressive Strain ◽  
Pore Collapse ◽  
Compressive Response ◽  
Linear Elastic ◽  
Nonlinear Springs ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Point Of Intersection ◽  
Good Agreement

The macroscopic mechanical behavior of open-porous cellular materials is dictated by the geometric and material properties of their microscopic cell walls. The overall compressive response of such materials is divided into three regimes, namely, the linear elastic, plateau and densification. In this paper, a constitutive model is presented, which captures not only the linear elastic regime and the subsequent pore-collapse, but is also shown to be capable of capturing the hardening upon the densification of the network. Here, the network is considered to be made up of idealized square-shaped cells, whose cell walls undergo bending and buckling under compression. Depending on the choice of damage criterion, viz. elastic buckling or irreversible bending, the cell walls collapse. These collapsed cells are then assumed to behave as nonlinear springs, acting as a foundation to the elastic network of active open cells. To this end, the network is decomposed into an active network and a collapsed one. The compressive strain at the onset of densification is then shown to be quantified by the point of intersection of the two network stress-strain curves. A parameter sensitivity analysis is presented to demonstrate the range of different material characteristics that the model is capable of capturing. The proposed constitutive model is further validated against two different types of nanoporous materials and shows good agreement.

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