Vaccinium species of section Hemimyrtillus: their value to cultivated blueberry and approaches to utilization1This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “A tribute to Sam Vander Kloet FLS: Pure and applied research from blueberries to heathland ecology”.

Botany ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 347-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.K. Ehlenfeldt ◽  
J.R. Ballington
Keyword(s):  
Gene Pool ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Inflorescence Structure ◽  
Parental Material ◽  
Southern Highbush ◽  
Tertiary Gene Pool

The primary gene pool of Vaccinium species used by breeders has traditionally been the North American Vaccinium species in section Cyanococcus. Blueberries in commercial production represent several Vaccinium species and ploidies. Moreover, significant use has been made of the secondary gene pool of Vaccinium, especially in the development of southern highbush cultivars. Section Hemimyrtillus represents species that are part of the tertiary gene pool of Vaccinium. Two species of section Hemimyrtillus, native to the Portuguese islands of Madeira (Vaccinium padifolium Smith) and the Azores (Vaccinium cylindraceum Smith), have features of notable value to conventional blueberry development such as upright structure, strong growth, abundant flowering and fruiting, good self-fertility, acceptable fruit quality, inflorescence structure suited to mechanical harvesting, and repeat flowering. Vaccinium cylindraceum is deciduous, whereas V. padifolium is evergreen. Vaccinium arctostaphylos L., a native of the Caucasus region, is closely allied to V. padifolium, hybridizes freely with it, and has many similar characters, but with the valuable addition of greater cold hardiness. Initial progress has been made at incorporating these species into forms compatible with Vaccinium corymbosum L. based blueberry cultivars, and further evaluations are being made of both parental material and the derived hybrids.

scholarly journals Highly Fertile Intersectional Blueberry Hybrids of Vaccinium padifolium Section Hemimyrtillus and V. corymbosum Section Cyanococcus

2014 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark K. Ehlenfeldt ◽  
James J. Polashock
Keyword(s):  
Gene Pool ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
The North ◽  
Inflorescence Structure ◽  
Southern Highbush ◽  
Tertiary Gene Pool ◽  
Fertile Hybrids ◽  
Primary Gene

The primary gene pool of Vaccinium species used by blueberry breeders has traditionally been the North American Vaccinium species of section Cyanococcus. Blueberries in commercial production represent three primary Vaccinium species and two ploidy levels. Significant use has been made of the secondary gene pool of Vaccinium, especially in the development of southern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium ×corymbosum) cultivars. Section Hemimyrtillus species are distantly related and are best considered part of the tertiary gene pool of Vaccinium. Vaccinium padifolium, a member of section Hemimyrtillus and native to the Madeira Islands, Portugal, has features of notable value to conventional blueberry development, among these: upright structure, strong growth, abundant flowering and fruiting, good self-fertility, inflorescence structure suited to mechanical harvesting, and indeterminate/repeat flowering. Our objective was to incorporate germplasm from this section into cultivated materials and transfer the desirable traits these species possess for commercial production. We used V. padifolium as a female in crosses with V. corymbosum and generated two highly fertile hybrids. These hybrids are intermediate in morphology, phonological, and their hybridity has been confirmed through DNA testing. These hybrids were used in further crosses to a variety of section Cyanococcus selections and have generated numerous second-generation hybrids. We have also determined by flow cytometry the ploidy levels of the hybrids and several previously unevaluated section Hemimyrtillus species.

scholarly journals Changes in ethnic structure in the Caucasus region since the end of the 1980’s: primary statistical analysis

Geografie ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-144
Author(s):  
Libor Jelen
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Urbanization Level ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Political Units

The article deals with changes in ethnic structure in 13 political units of the North and the South Caucasus resulting from societal processes going on after the last 1989 Soviet census and illustrated by the outcome of censuses held in 1999–2005. The study deals with changes in population share of titular groups, Russians and other ethnic groups, with changing urbanization level and general regional population growth. It also makes an assessment of substantial changes in the ethnic structure in selected territories in connection with political and economical factors influencing the post-1989 development of the region and its ethno-territorial entities.

scholarly journals E. E. LANCER'S" RETURN " FROM THE CAUCASUS: A REVIEW OF P. PAVLINOV'S RESEARCH ON THE ARTIST'S CAUCASIAN PERIOD (1912-1934).

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 489-495
Author(s):  
Patimat I. Takhnaeva
Keyword(s):  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Difficult Time

The review is devoted to a monograph about the stay of one of the most significant masters of the St. Petersburg Association "World of art" E. E. Lancer on the territory of the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia during a difficult time of transformation and change of power, numerous projects and trips of the artist both in the Caucasus region and abroad (in Anatolia, France, Moscow, Leningrad, Kharkiv, Rostov-on-don), the emergence of his interest in traveling and preserving his love for Georgia, Armenia, Dagestan and other republics from the 1910s until his death in 1946.

scholarly journals Mantle earthquakes in the Crimea-Black Sea-Caucasus regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 60-79
Author(s):  
V. Burmin ◽  
O. Kendzera ◽  
L. Shumlianska ◽  
T. Amashukeli
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Deep Earthquakes ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Mantle Earthquakes

The question of the existence of foci of deep earthquakes in the region of the Crimea-Black Sea-Caucasus is extremely important from the point of view of the geodynamics of the region. Previously it was thought that only crustal earthquakes could occur in this region. Recently, results have been obtained that show that earthquakes with depths of at least 300 km occur in this region. The article discusses the question of how plausible these results are and why they were not obtained earlier. Seven specific examples of the ambiguous determination of the depth of earthquake hypocenters in the Crimea-Black Sea-Caucasus region are considered. These examples clearly show that determining the coordinates of earthquake hypocenters using algorithms based on the Geiger method does not allow one to uniquely determine the depth of the hypocenters. The article gives an idea of the authors about the origin of mantle earthquakes in the Caucasian and Crimean-Black Sea regions. For the Caucasus region, mantle earthquakes are associated with two reasons: submersion of the lithospheric layer; in the asthenospheric layer, represented in the seismotomographic sections by a low-velocity anomaly, the nature of earthquake foci is associated with fluids formed during phase transition reactions. In the Crimean-Black Sea region, earthquake foci are located in the lithosphere layer, and the sliding of the lithosphere along the less viscous underlying layer of the upper mantle causes tectonic movements in the lithosphere accompanied by earthquakes. In addition, to determine the coordinates of the hypocenters of the Crimean and Caucasian earthquakes during routine processing, hodographs were used for depths not exceeding 35 km for the Crimea and 50 km for the Caucasus and 150 for the North Caucasus. This circumstance is the main reason why deep earthquakes could not be detected.

scholarly journals Cold Hardiness and Options for the Freeze Protection of Southern Highbush Blueberry

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Critical Temperatures ◽  
Overhead Irrigation ◽  
Frost Protection ◽  
Southern Highbush ◽  
Freeze Protection

Southern highbush blueberries (SHB; Vaccinium corymbosum interspecific hybrid) are a low chill species of blueberry that are commercially grown in sub-tropical climates. Due to the nature of SHB, the flowering and fruit set occur in mid-winter to early spring and are susceptible to freeze damage. The most effective use of freeze protection is based on climatic conditions. Identification of advective or radiative freeze, intensity of the freeze event, and the equipment deployed are the key elements for deciding if the crop can be protected and justifying the expense to operate the system. Of the various methods used in frost protection, applying overhead irrigation water is the most promising. During a freeze event, an application of 6.3 mm ha−1 (0.10 in A−1) of water per hour is required to protect blueberries from −2.8 °C (27 °F) temperature with winds from 0 to 16 km h−1 (0 to 10 mph). This is 25.4 kL h−1 ha−1 (2715 gal h−1 A−1) of water. Overhead irrigation freeze protection is dependent on large volumes of water. This paper will review methods of freeze/frost protection, importance of weather patterns, and critical temperatures based on phenology of flowering to fruit set.

USE OF THE APPLE GENE POOL OF NORTH CAUCASUS FEDERAL SCIENTIFIC CENTER OF HORTICULTURE, VITICULTURE, WINEMAKING FOR THE BREEDING IMPROVEMENT OF THE SOUTHERN SORTIMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-41
Author(s):  
Y. V. Ulyanovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Gene Pool ◽  
Scientific School ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
Apple Varieties ◽  
The North ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Seed Crops

The objects of research are representatives of the genus Malus growing in the Kuban zone of the North Caucasus region. The purpose of the research is the breeding improvement of the of apple southern assortment on the basis of the development of the scientific direction “Introduction, variety study and breeding of pome crops in the North Caucasus and the creation of promising domestic varieties with improved adaptability and quality. The history of the creation and development of this scientific direction of the scientific school “Southern Horticulture” in the North Caucasus, the founder of which was Lev M. Sergeev (1886-1980. Under his leadership, the first breeding programs for seed crops (apple, pear, quince) for the North Caucasus region were developed, the priority of which was to improve the characteristics of productivity and quality characteristics of fruits; with his active participation, a network of gossortuchastok was organized in the North Caucasus and by the end of 1947 a zoned assortment of the main fruit crops of the south of Russia was formed. At present, the development of the above-mentioned scientific direction has been continued in the works of L. M. Sergeev, original studies of which are based on the use of a complex of classical and improved methods for creating and evaluating breeding material, modern achievements in molecular genetics, biochemistry, cytology, and are aimed at creating domestic varieties with improved productivity and quality of fruits, with high resistance to abiostressors and the main fungal pathogens of the North Caucasus. In recent years, the gene pool of the apple tree has been significantly updated, numbering 436 specimens of various ecological and geographical origin and ploidy, most of which are from Russia (49 %), Western European countries (18 %), and the USA (17 %). Over the years of research, scientists from North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making have created and submitted for State variety testing 81 new apple varieties, including 25 varieties created in collaboration with scientists from All- Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crops Breeding, I. V. Michurin Federal Research Center and others. 36 apple varieties obtained on the basis of the use of spontaneous and induced mutagenesis, an improved method of polyploidy, directed, repeated and geographically distant hybridization were included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use in the North Caucasus region.

The Caucasus in the History of Russia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor' Bocharnikov
Keyword(s):  
North Caucasus ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Free Development ◽  
Modern Experience

The monograph defines the origins, essence and content of the Caucasian policy of Russia, its main stages, its significance for the development of Russian statehood and the peoples of the region. The monograph pays special attention to the Caucasian wars of Russia, the experience of suppressing anti-Russian and anti-Soviet armed demonstrations in the region. The historical and modern experience of the development of the Caucasus region shows that the weakening of Russia's position in the region naturally leads to an escalation of tension and conflict, aggravation of inter-ethnic contradictions, manifestations of extremism and other forms of destructive activities that threaten the life of citizens and peoples of the Caucasus. As a result, the strength of Russia's position in the Caucasus is a guarantee of the safe and free development of the peoples of the region. The author's conclusions and suggestions presented in the monograph can be used in the process of implementing a balanced and verified policy in order to ensure the national security and interests of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasus, building relations with neighboring states in the region, as well as other international actors positioning their involvement in the political processes of the South Caucasus. It is addressed to researchers, teachers, students, a wide range of readers.

scholarly journals NAMES AND BARROWS OF THE ARCHAIC PERIOD

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 60-73
Author(s):  
T. M. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Definition Of

The article deals with the issues of Scythian archaeology related to the attribution of archaic burials and the definition of the names of historical characters for which they could be built. According to the author of excavation, the Scythian king Madyes, son of Protothyes, was buried in the barrow 1 of the Krasnoznamensky burial ground. Contrary to this conclusion it is assumed that the leader of the Cimmerians, Lygdamis, was buried in the barrow. Such a comparison is based on the date of the assemblage of the barrow (mid — third quarter of the 7th century BC) which does not contradict the time of the death of Lygdamis (641 BC). The written evidence connects the Cimmerians to the mountainous areas and the localization of the country of Gamir (Cimmeria) in the Guriania region, which separated Gamir from Urartu, most closely corresponds to the Caucasus region. The nomadic lifestyle of the Cimmerians in the narrative sources is not confirmed. The study has shown that the Kelermes burial ground as well as the «Litoy» (Melgunovsky) and «Repyakhovata Mogila» barrows can be correlated with the time of King Madyes (son of Protothyes / Bartatua) and his army returning to the North Black Sea region (after 585 BC). Age of Madyes who came to the Middle East in 608 BC (during the invasion of Media he could be about 40—45 years old) and having been in this region for more than two decades suggests that he did not return to the North Pontic region. This is indirectly confirmed by the data on the feast of Cyaxares where the leader of the Scythians is not mentioned. Therefore, the tomb of Madyes can be hypothetically linked only with the cenotaph of the Melgunovsky barrow.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Southern Highbush Blueberry Cultivars for Production in Southwestern Arkansas

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Manjula Carter ◽  
John R. Clark ◽  
R. Keith Striegler
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Chilling Requirement ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Vaccinium Ashei ◽  
Early Ripening ◽  
Quality And Reliability ◽  
Southern Highbush

Southern highbush blueberry, a hybrid of northern highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum) and southern-adapted Vaccinium species, has the potential to meet the need for an early-ripening blueberry in the southern U.S. southern highbush cultivars can ripen up to one month earlier than the earliest rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei) cultivars currently grown in the southern U.S. However, chilling requirement and cold-hardiness are cultivar-dependent for southern highbush and cultivar testing has been necessary to determine the cultivars best adapted to specific hardiness zones. In a 4-year study at Hope, Ark. (hardiness zone 7b), several southern highbush cultivars were evaluated for productivity, fruit quality and reliability of cropping. Yields were based on 1089 plants/acre (2690 plants/ha) for southern highbush cultivars and 605 plants/acre (1494 plants/ha) for rabbiteye cultivars. `Ozarkblue' and `Legacy' showed the most adaptability at this location, yielding on average 11,013 lb/acre (12,309 kg·ha-1) and 10,328 lb/acre (11,543 kg·ha-1) respectively, compared to 4882 lb/acre (5456 kg·ha-1) for `Premier' (rabbiteye) over 4 years. `Ozarkblue' and `Legacy' also rated well for plant vigor and fruit quality. We would recommend `Ozarkblue' and `Legacy' for commercial planting in southwest Arkansas and believe these cultivars have production potential for other areas of the southern U.S. that have similar hardiness zones and soil type to southwest Arkansas.

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