Genetic monitoring in natural perennial plant populations

Botany ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Aravanopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Allelic Richness ◽  
Keystone Species ◽  
Genetic Monitoring ◽  
Gene Conservation ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Conservation Units ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Perennial Plant ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Inbreeding Rate

Genetic monitoring, the quantification of temporal changes in population genetics and dynamics metrics generated by using appropriate parameters, constitutes a method with a prognostic value. Genetic monitoring has been recognized in several international agreements and documents, and can be an important tool for the protection of biodiversity. However, approaches developed so far for perennial plant species are rather cumbersome for practical use. It is proposed that perennial plant genetic monitoring should focus on keystone species of biological and economical importance, as well as rare or endangered species. In addition, genetic monitoring should concentrate on gene conservation units of such species, to be advanced in a dynamic gene conservation scheme. Three indicators are proposed for genetic monitoring based on a gene-ecological approach: natural selection, genetic drift, and a gene flow-mating system. These are evaluated based on three demographic (age and size class distribution, reproductive fitness, regeneration abundance) and four genetic (effective population size, allelic richness, latent genetic potential, outcrossing/actual inbreeding rate) parameters. Minimum sample sizes, critical levels of differences among parameters, and costs for temporal evaluation are proposed. The benefits of the immediate application of genetic monitoring are highlighted.

scholarly journals On some possibilities and prospects of gene conservation and utilisation of pig breeds

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
M. Wittmann ◽  
J. Dohy
Keyword(s):  
Marker Genes ◽  
Small Populations ◽  
Gene Conservation ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Pig Breeds ◽  
The World ◽  
Inbreeding Rate ◽  
Closed Populations ◽  
Small Effective Population Size

Abstract. Nowadays, there are 47 rare pig breeds in the world the majority of which in Europe. Disappeared breeds are considered to be 139 breeds (mostly in Europe). The prevention of further losses of needs needs special measurements and methods for maintenance and conservation of genetic values. In spite of a lot of means being available, the conservation programs use the possibilities only moderately. Besides the commonly used testing results, special genetic analysis should be practised and extended widely, including blood groups, enzyme and other protein polymorphisms and the new results of genom analysis (marker genes atc). A proper – and well identified - genetic make up is of minimal precondition for preparing effective mating plans to avoid and reduce Inbreeding rate in closed populations. Besides number of traits and markers, more emphasis should be given to the distribution of the genetic markers on each chromosomes detected. If a chromosome were controlled (detected by at least 5 loci, thre would be round 200 parameters necessary as a minimum for a porper control fo the genomic background of a breed. Whilst it is very diffucult to prevent gene losses in small populations (small effective population size) for long term, reconstruction of them should be comined with cryopreservational and up-to-date DNA-screening.

scholarly journals Defining intraspecific conservation units in the endemic Cuban Rock Iguanas (Cyclura nubila nubila)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle J. Shaney ◽  
L. Grisell Diaz-Ramirez ◽  
Sayra Espindola ◽  
Susette Castañeda-Rico ◽  
Vicente Berovides-Álvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Conservation Units ◽  
Declining Populations ◽  
Nuclear Microsatellite ◽  
Geographic Separation ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Time Of Divergence ◽  
East West

AbstractDefining conservation units is an important step in species management and requires interpretation of the genetic diversity and ecological function of the taxon being considered. We used the endemic Cuban Rock Iguanas (Cyclura nubila nubila) as a model to highlight this challenge and examined patterns of its intraspecific genetic diversity across Cuba. We evaluated nuclear (microsatellite loci) and mitochondrial diversity across eight populations from the island and its off-shore cays, and applied the population genetics results for assignment of Management Unit (MU) status and Evolutionary Significant Units (ESUs) based on phylogeographic and time of divergence information. We identified at least six distinct Cuban Rock Iguana MUs, encompassing demographically isolated and genetically differentiated populations across Cuba, most with low effective population size, declining populations, and with high risk of inbreeding and genetic drift. Hence, each MU should be considered of urgent conservation priority. Given the key ecological seed dispersal role of C. n. nubila, the disappearance of any MU could trigger the loss of local ecological functional diversity and major negative impacts on their ecosystems. Two divergent ESUs were also identified, exhibiting an historical east–west geographic separation on Cuba. Based on a Caribbean phylogeographic assessment, our findings strengthen the conclusion that all geographically and evolutionarily differentiated Cyclura species and subspecies across the archipelago warrant ESU distinction.

scholarly journals Being abundant is not enough: a decrease in effective population size over eight generations in a Norwegian population of the seaweed, Fucus serratus

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 755-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A Coyer ◽  
Galice Hoarau ◽  
Kjersti Sjøtun ◽  
Jeanine L Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Effective Population Size ◽  
Allelic Richness ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Rocky Intertidal ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Norwegian Population ◽  
Fucus Serratus ◽  
Southern Norway

The brown alga Fucus serratus is a key foundation species on rocky intertidal shores of northern Europe. We sampled the same population off the coast of southern Norway in 2000 and 2008, and using 26 microsatellite loci, we estimated the changes in genetic diversity and effective population size ( N e ). The unexpectedly low N e (73–386) and N e / N ratio (10 −3 –10 −4 ), in combination with a significant decrease (14%) in allelic richness over the 8-year period, suggests an increased local extinction risk. If small N e proves to be a common feature of F. serratus , then being abundant may not be enough for the species to weather future environmental changes.

Genetic structure, migration, and patterns of allelic richness among coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) populations of the Oregon coast

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1274-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc A. Johnson ◽  
Michael A. Banks
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Allelic Richness ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Current Source ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Coastal Lake ◽  
Evolutionarily Significant Unit ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
Source Sink

Genotypic data from eight microsatellite loci are used to infer population structure, effective population size, migration rates, and patterns of allelic richness among wild and hatchery populations of Oregon coastal coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ). Corroborating the results of a previous study, we found relatively weak genetic structure among coho from different river basins, although some geographically and ecologically defined clades are supported. Contemporary migration rates among basins appear to be high and asymmetrical. Hatchery populations tended to resemble the wild populations from which they were founded, but presented significantly lower levels of allelic richness. Allelic richness was also low in Oregon coastal lake populations and peaked in the central region of the evolutionarily significant unit among wild river populations. We suggest that the observed patterns may reflect both current source–sink dynamics and post-Pleistocene colonization events.

scholarly journals The DNA of coral reef biodiversity: predicting and protecting genetic diversity of reef assemblages

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1829) ◽  
pp. 20160354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Selkoe ◽  
Oscar E. Gaggiotti ◽  
Eric A. Treml ◽  
Johanna L. K. Wren ◽  
Mary K. Donovan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Allelic Richness ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
A Site ◽  
New Strategies

Conservation of ecological communities requires deepening our understanding of genetic diversity patterns and drivers at community-wide scales. Here, we use seascape genetic analysis of a diversity metric, allelic richness (AR), for 47 reef species sampled across 13 Hawaiian Islands to empirically demonstrate that large reefs high in coral cover harbour the greatest genetic diversity on average. We found that a species's life history (e.g. depth range and herbivory) mediates response of genetic diversity to seascape drivers in logical ways. Furthermore, a metric of combined multi-species AR showed strong coupling to species richness and habitat area, quality and stability that few species showed individually. We hypothesize that macro-ecological forces and species interactions, by mediating species turnover and occupancy (and thus a site's mean effective population size), influence the aggregate genetic diversity of a site, potentially allowing it to behave as an apparent emergent trait that is shaped by the dominant seascape drivers. The results highlight inherent feedbacks between ecology and genetics, raise concern that genetic resilience of entire reef communities is compromised by factors that reduce coral cover or available habitat, including thermal stress, and provide a foundation for new strategies for monitoring and preserving biodiversity of entire reef ecosystems.

scholarly journals Systematic Conservation Planning for Intraspecific Genetic Diversity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Paz-Vinas ◽  
Géraldine Loot ◽  
Virgilio Hermoso ◽  
Charlotte Veyssiere ◽  
Nicolas Poulet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Conservation Planning ◽  
Allelic Richness ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Intraspecific Diversity ◽  
Systematic Conservation Planning ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Conservation Units ◽  
Priority Areas

AbstractIntraspecific diversity informs the demographic and evolutionary histories of populations, and should be a main conservation target. Although approaches exist for identifying relevant biological conservation units, attempts to identify priority conservation areas for intraspecific diversity are scarce, especially within a multi-specific framework. We used neutral molecular data on six European freshwater fish species (Squalius cephalus, Phoxinus phoxinus, Barbatula barbatula, Gobio occitaniae, Leuciscus burdigalensis and Parachondrostoma toxostoma) sampled at the riverscape scale (i.e. the Garonne-Dordogne River basin, France) to determine hot- and cold-spots of genetic diversity, and to identify priority conservation areas using a systematic conservation planning approach. We demonstrate that systematic conservation planning is efficient for identifying priority areas representing a predefined part of the total genetic diversity of a whole landscape. With the exception of private allelic richness, classical genetic diversity indices (allelic richness, genetic uniqueness) were poor predictors for identifying priority areas. Moreover, we identified weak surrogacies among conservation solutions found for each species, implying that conservation solutions are highly species-specific. Nonetheless, we showed that priority areas identified using intraspecific genetic data from multiple species provide more effective conservation solutions than areas identified for single species or on the basis of traditional taxonomic criteria.

scholarly journals Genetic monitoring to assess the success of restoring rare plant populations with mixed gene pools

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (21) ◽  
pp. 4037-4039
Author(s):  
Matthew A. Albrecht ◽  
Christine E. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Monitoring ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Rare Plant ◽  
Plant Populations

scholarly journals Systematic conservation planning for intraspecific genetic diversity

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1877) ◽  
pp. 20172746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Paz-Vinas ◽  
Géraldine Loot ◽  
Virgilio Hermoso ◽  
Charlotte Veyssière ◽  
Nicolas Poulet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Conservation Planning ◽  
Allelic Richness ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Intraspecific Diversity ◽  
Systematic Conservation Planning ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Conservation Units ◽  
Priority Areas

Intraspecific diversity informs the demographic and evolutionary histories of populations, and should be a main conservation target. Although approaches exist for identifying relevant biological conservation units, attempts to identify priority conservation areas for intraspecific diversity are scarce, especially within a multi-specific framework. We used neutral molecular data on six European freshwater fish species (Squalius cephalus,Phoxinus phoxinus, Barbatula barbatula,Gobio occitaniae,Leuciscus burdigalensisandParachondrostoma toxostoma) sampled at the riverscape scale (i.e. the Garonne-Dordogne river basin, France) to determine hot- and coldspots of genetic diversity, and to identify priority conservation areas using a systematic conservation planning approach. We demonstrate that systematic conservation planning is efficient for identifying priority areas representing a predefined part of the total genetic diversity of a whole landscape. With the exception of private allelic richness (PA), classical genetic diversity indices (allelic richness, genetic uniqueness) were poor predictors for identifying priority areas. Moreover, we identified weak surrogacies among conservation solutions found for each species, implying that conservation solutions are highly species-specific. Nonetheless, we showed that priority areas identified using intraspecific genetic data from multiple species provide more effective conservation solutions than areas identified for single species or on the basis of traditional taxonomic criteria.

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