Establishment growth and bud-bank formation in Epilobium angustifolium: the effects of nutrient availability, plant injury, and environmental heterogeneity

Botany ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jitka Klimešová ◽  
Adéla Pokorná ◽  
Leoš Klimeš
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Soil Heterogeneity ◽  
Bud Bank ◽  
Vegetative Regeneration ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Epilobium Angustifolium ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Plant Life Cycle ◽  
Plant Injury

Plant establishment is a risky phase of the plant life cycle because juvenile individuals cannot produce seeds and their vegetative regeneration is constrained by a lack of reserve meristems and carbon storage. On the other hand, conditions in the period following establishment, during establishment growth, affect the vegetative regeneration and clonal growth of the plant in the future. Bud-bank formation was studied in a root-sprouting clonal herb Epilobium angustifolium  L. (= Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop.), a plant with root buds differing in size and number of leaf primordia, during establishment growth. We tested two hypotheses: (i) large and small buds differ in their response to stress and disturbance, and (ii) a heterogeneous soil environment does not affect bud-bank formation. We rejected both hypotheses because (i) the proportion of small buds was about 80% and was not affected by nutrient availability and substrate heterogeneity, and (ii) plants produced more buds per root biomass under conditions of nutrient shortage in both homogeneous and heterogeneous substrates, but the effect was masked by lower root biomass. Thus, bud production for the whole plant was not affected by either nutrient availability or soil heterogeneity and reached 20 to 100 buds per plant.

scholarly journals Whole‐plant optimality predicts changes in leaf nitrogen under variable CO 2 and nutrient availability

2019 ◽  
Vol 225 (6) ◽  
pp. 2331-2346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Caldararu ◽  
Tea Thum ◽  
Lin Yu ◽  
Sönke Zaehle
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Whole Plant

The Western Hare-Wallaby Lagorchestes Hirsutus (Gould) (Macropodidae), in the Tanami Desert.

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
BL Bolton ◽  
PK Latz
Keyword(s):  
Northern Territory ◽  
Vegetative Regeneration ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Northern Territories

Study was of 2 small colonies of the rare western hare-wallaby (Lagorchestes hirsutus) in the Tanami Desert sanctuary of Northern Territories, Australia. Plants grazed were whole plant of Fimbristylis dichotoma and Calandrinia remota, leaves of Brunonia australis, Bassia astrocarpa and F. solidifolis and seed heads of Triodia pungens, Plectrachne schinzii, Bulbostylis barbaba and Eragrostis eriopoda. Cool winter fires lit deliberately along stock routes by nomadic aborigines provided firebreaks and resulted in different vegetative regeneration stages that suited the wallabies' requirements for cover and feed; the extensive hot fires started by lightning in summer destroyed habitat of the wallabies. ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT: Two small colonies of the rare western hare-wallaby (L. hirsutus) in the Tanami Desert sanctuary of Northern Territory, Australia were studied. Plants grazed were the whole plant of Fimbristylis dichotoma and Calandrinia remota, leaves of Brunonia australis, Bassia astrocarpa and F. solidifolis and seed heads of Triodia pungens, Plectrachne schinzii, Bulbostylis barbata and Eragrostis eriopoda. Cool winter fires lit deliberately along stock routes by nomadic aborigines provided firebreaks and resulted in different vegetative regeneration stages that suited the wallabies' requirements for cover and feed; the extensive hot fires started by lightning in summer destroyed the habitat of the wallabies.

Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Antibacterial Properties of the Whole Plant Extract of Willow Herb (Epilobium angustifolium)

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wally J. Bartfay ◽  
Emma Bartfay ◽  
Julia Green Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extract ◽  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Epilobium Angustifolium ◽  
Herb Extract

The emergence of new pathogens and the increase in the number of multidrug-resistant strains in well-established pathogens during the past decade represent a growing public health concern globally. With the current lack of research and development of new antibiotics by large pharmaceutical companies due to poor financial returns, new alternatives need to be explored including natural herbal or plant-based extracts with reported antibacterial properties. Willow herb ( Epilobium angustifolium) preparations have been used in traditional aboriginal and folk medicine preparations externally as an antiphlogistic to treat prostate and gastrointestinal disorders and as an antiseptic to treat infected wounds. The authors hypothesized that a whole plant extract of willow herb would exhibit antimicrobial properties on a variety of both Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in culture. The authors found that, in comparison to growth controls, willow herb extract significantly inhibited the growth of Micrococcus luteus ( p < .01), Staphylococcus aureus ( p < .05), Escherichia coli ( p < .001), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( p < .001). They also found that willow herb extract inhibited the growth of bacteria in culture more effectively than vancomycin ( p < .05) or tetracycline ( p < .004). These results provide preliminary support for the traditional folkloric claim that the plant willow herb possesses antibacterial properties against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Given that whole plant extract was utilized for this study, further investigations are warranted to determine which specific part of the plant (i.e., leaves, stem, roots, and flowers) possess the antibacterial properties.

scholarly journals Molecular mechanisms underlying phytochrome-controlled morphogenesis in plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Legris ◽  
Yetkin Çaka Ince ◽  
Christian Fankhauser
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Life ◽  
Signaling Mechanisms ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Promoter Usage ◽  
Plant Life Cycle ◽  
Compare And Contrast

AbstractPhytochromes are bilin-binding photosensory receptors which control development over a broad range of environmental conditions and throughout the whole plant life cycle. Light-induced conformational changes enable phytochromes to interact with signaling partners, in particular transcription factors or proteins that regulate them, resulting in large-scale transcriptional reprograming. Phytochromes also regulate promoter usage, mRNA splicing and translation through less defined routes. In this review we summarize our current understanding of plant phytochrome signaling, emphasizing recent work performed in Arabidopsis. We compare and contrast phytochrome responses and signaling mechanisms among land plants and highlight open questions in phytochrome research.

Dynamic carbon allocation into source and sink tissues determine within-plant differences in carbon isotope ratios

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederik Wegener ◽  
Wolfram Beyschlag ◽  
Christiane Werner
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Isotopic Signature ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Morphological And Physiological Traits ◽  
Allocation Strategies

Organs of C3 plants differ in their C isotopic signature (δ13C). In general, leaves are 13C-depleted relative to other organs. To investigate the development of spatial δ13C patterns, we induced different C allocation strategies by reducing light and nutrient availability for 12 months in the Mediterranean shrub Halimium halimifolium L. We measured morphological and physiological traits and the spatial δ13C variation among seven tissue classes during the experiment. A reduction of light (Low-L treatment) increased aboveground C allocation, plant height and specific leaf area. Reduced nutrient availability (Low-N treatment) enhanced C allocation into fine roots and reduced the spatial δ13C variation. In contrast, control and Low-L plants with high C allocation in new leaves showed a high δ13C variation within the plant (up to 2.5‰). The spatial δ13C variation was significantly correlated with the proportion of second-generation leaves from whole-plant biomass (R2 = 0.46). According to our results, isotope fractionation in dark respiration can influence the C isotope composition of plant tissues but cannot explain the entire spatial pattern seen. Our study indicates a foliar depletion in 13C during leaf development combined with export of relatively 13C-enriched C by mature source leaves as an important reason for the observed spatial δ13C pattern.

Herbicide Cross-Resistance in Triazine-Resistant Biotypes of Four Species

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Patrick Fuerst ◽  
Charles J. Arntzen ◽  
Klaus Pfister ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Photosynthetic Electron Transport ◽  
Thylakoid Membranes ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Senecio Vulgaris ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Plant Injury ◽  
Smooth Pigweed

The cross-resistance of triazine-resistant biotypes of smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridusL. # AMACH), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL. # CHEAL), common groundsel (Senecio vulgarisL. # SENVU), and the crop canola (Brassica napusL. var. Atratower) to a selection of herbicides was evaluated at both the whole plant and chloroplast level. The triazine-resistant biotypes of all four species showed a similar pattern of cross-resistance, suggesting that a similar mutation had occurred in each species. The four triazine-resistant biotypes were resistant to injury from atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], bromacil [5-bromo-6-methyl-3-(1-methylpropyl)-2,4-(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione], and pyrazon [5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone] and were slightly resistant to buthidazole {3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-imidazolidinone}. The triazine-resistant biotypes were more sensitive to dinoseb [2-(1-methylpropyl)-4,6-dinitrophenol]. Triazine-resistant smooth pigweed showed resistance to cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile} and metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] with slight resistance to linuron [N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methylurea] and desmedipham {ethyl [3-[[(phenylamino)carbony] oxy] phenyl] carbamate}. There was little or no resistance to diuron [N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea], bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile), bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide], or dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid). Parallel studies at the chloroplast level indicated that the degree of resistance to inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport was highly correlated with the degree of resistance to herbicidal injury. This correlation indicates that atrazine, cyanazine, metribuzin, pyrazon, bromacil, linuron, desmedipham, and buthidazole cause plant injury by inhibition of photosynthesis. This correlation also indicates that triazine resistance and cross-resistance at the whole plant level is due to decreased sensitivity at the level of photosynthetic electron transport. Cross-resistance to numerous additional herbicides was evaluated on isolated chloroplast thylakoid membranes and these results are discussed.14C-atrazine was displaced from thylakoid membranes by several herbicides, indicating that these herbicides compete for a common binding site.

Correlations between soil nutrient availability and fine-root biomass at two spatial scales in forested wetlands with contrasting hydrological regimes

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 2934-2941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew A Neatrour ◽  
Robert H Jones ◽  
Stephen W Golladay
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Forested Wetlands ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Soil Nutrient Availability ◽  
Broad Scale

We investigated the relationship between soil nutrients and fine-root biomass at broad (among ecosystem types) and fine (within a 20 m × 20 m plot) spatial scales in forested wetlands of the southeastern United States. We selected three replicates each of high-fertility floodplain swamps, low-fertility depressional swamps, and intermediate-fertility river swamp sloughs and measured soil nutrient availability (NO3-N, NH4-N, and PO4-P) and fine-root biomass. At one replicate of each wetland type, a dense network of sampling points was used to measure variability (variance and coefficient of variation) of soil nutrients and fine-root biomass. At the broad scale, fine-root biomass was lower in floodplain swamps than in either river swamp sloughs or depressional swamps. Also, multiple linear regression and Spearman's rank correlations indicated a negative relationship between soil nutrient availability and fine-root biomass. Fine-scale correlates between soil nutrient availability and fine-root biomass were generally weak. Fine-scale variability of NO3-N and NH4-N was greatest in the floodplain swamps, but nutrients were not spatially patchy at any of the sampled sites. We conclude that soil nutrient availability may control fine-root biomass at the broad scale, but it is unclear if the same is true at fine spatial scales.

Differential distribution of leaf chemistry in eucalypt seedlings due to variation in whole-plant nutrient availability

2005 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dugald C. Close ◽  
Clare McArthur ◽  
Ann E. Hagerman ◽  
Hugh Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Leaf Chemistry ◽  
Differential Distribution ◽  
Whole Plant
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