Anamorphs in the Strophariaceae (Basidiomycota, Agaricales)

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 551-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grit Walther ◽  
Michael Weiß
Keyword(s):  
Careful Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Second Mode ◽  
Pholiota Squarrosa ◽  
Hypholoma Fasciculare

We describe and illustrate conidiogenesis in 21 species of Strophariaceae sensu Singer in culture, including first reports of conidiogenesis from nine species. Two modes of thallic conidiogenesis were revealed. The first mode, present in Hypholoma capnoides (Fr.) P. Kumm., Hypholoma fasciculare (Fr.) P. Kumm., Hypholoma marginatum (Pers.) J. Schröt., Hypholoma subericaeum (Fr.) Kühner, Hypholoma sublateritium (Schaeff.) Quél., Kuehneromyces mutabilis (Schaeff.) Singer & A.H. Sm., Pholiota lenta (Pers.) Singer, Pholiota lucifera (Lasch) Quél., Pholiota mixta (Fr.) Kuyper & Tjall.-Beuk., Pholiota spumosa (Fr.) Singer, Psilocybe cf. coprophila (Bull.) P. Kumm., Psilocybe inquilina (Fr.) Bres., Psilocybe semilanceata (Fr.) P. Kumm., Psilocybe sp., Stropharia rugosoannulata Farl. ex Murrill, and Stropharia semiglobata (Batsch) Quél., is characterized by straight or often coiled conidiogenous hyphae, not or only slightly sympodially proliferating conidiophores lacking geniculate parts, and hyaline, rod-shaped conidia. Conidiogenesis in Pholiota aurivella (Batsch) P. Kumm., Pholiota gummosa (Lasch) Singer, and Pholiota squarrosa (Batsch) P. Kumm. followed a second mode, distinguished by straight conidiogenous hyphae, sympodially proliferating geniculate conidiophores, and coloured, swollen conidia formed on older mycelia. These two modes also differed concerning the number of nuclei in the conidia. Pholiota alnicola (Fr.) Singer and Pholiota tuberculosa (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. possessed specific modes of conidiogenesis that deviated from the two prevalent modes described above. Careful analysis of anamorph descriptions compiled from literature supports these modes and allows conidia to be distinguished from nondetaching hyphal swellings that have also been designated as conidia in the past.

Camus's Absurd and the World of Melville's Confidence-Man

PMLA ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-27
Author(s):  
Leon F. Seltzer
Keyword(s):  
Careful Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
Confidence Man ◽  
Ugly Duckling ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

In recent years, The Confidence-Man: His Masquerade, a difficult work and for long an unjustly neglected one, has begun to command increasingly greater critical attention and esteem. As more than one contemporary writer has noted, the verdict of the late Richard Chase in 1949, that the novel represents Melville's “second best achievement,” has served to prompt many to undertake a second reading (or at least a first) of the book. Before this time, the novel had traditionally been the one Melville readers have shied away from—as overly discursive, too rambling altogether, on the one hand, or as an unfortunate outgrowth of the author's morbidity on the other. Elizabeth Foster, in the admirably comprehensive introduction to her valuable edition of The Confidence-Man (1954), systematically traces the history of the book's reputation and observes that even with the Melville renaissance of the twenties, the work stands as the last piece of the author's fiction to be redeemed. Only lately, she comments, has it ceased to be regarded as “the ugly duckling” of Melville's creations. But recognition does not imply agreement, and it should not be thought that in the past fifteen years critics have reached any sort of unanimity on the novel's content. Since Mr. Chase's study, which approached the puzzling work as a satire on the American spirit—or, more specifically, as an attack on the liberalism of the day—and which speculated upon the novel's controlling folk and mythic figures, other critics, by now ready to assume that the book repaid careful analysis, have read the work in a variety of ways. It has been treated, among other things, as a religious allegory, as a philosophic satire on optimism, and as a Shandian comedy. One critic has conveniently summarized the prevailing situation by remarking that “the literary, philosophical, and cultural materials in this book are fused in so enigmatic a fashion that its interpreters have differed as to what the book is really about.”

The Study of Heikhalot Literature: Between Mystical Experience and Textual Artifact

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ra'Anan S. Boustan
Keyword(s):  
Mystical Experience ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Complex Material ◽  
Jewish Mysticism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Religious Significance ◽  
Heterogeneous Nature ◽  
Material Conditions

This essay outlines the fundamental methodological and empirical advances that the study of Heikhalot literature has experienced during the past 25 years with the aim of encouraging specialists and enabling non-specialists to approach this complex material with greater precision and sophistication. The field of early Jewish mysticism has been profoundly shaped by the increasing integration in the humanities of cultural and material histories, resulting in an increased focus on scribal practice and other material conditions that shaped the production and transmission of these texts. Against previous assumptions, recent research has shown Heikhalot literature to be a radically unstable literature. This article will review the research tools (editions, concordances, translations, etc.) that now allow for careful analysis of Heikhalot and related texts. Tracing recent research, I demonstrate how our new understanding of the fluid and heterogeneous nature of the Heikhalot corpus will better enable scholars to pursue the important work of understanding its social and religious significance, within the broader landscape of late antique and medieval religions.

scholarly journals Being Biblical? Slavery, sexuality, and the inclusive community

2008 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Burridge
Keyword(s):  
Church Leadership ◽  
World View ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Ethical Debate ◽  
Ethical Teaching ◽  
Women In Church Leadership ◽  
The Last Two Millennia

The use of the Bible in ethical debate has been central for the last two millennia. Current debates about sexuality, or the position of women in church leadership, are marked by both, or all, sides of the argument using Scripture. However, this has been true of many issues in the past. This is demonstrated in the debate about slavery two hundred years ago. Careful analysis of the use of Scripture in both the justification and critique of apartheid reveals how both sides quoted Scripture in its various modes, such as rules, principles, paradigms, and overall world-view. The biographical nature of the Gospels means that we must set Jesus’ rigorous ethical teaching in the context of the narrative of his deeds, including his open and welcoming acceptance of all people. It was an inclusive community of interpretation which changed the debates about slavery and apartheid, and a similar inclusive community is needed today.

TRADITION AND INNOVATION IN THE WORKS OF O. A. KIPRENSKY: PORTRAIT OF A. K. SCHWALBE

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 94-100
Author(s):  
Yu. Yu. Gudymenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Face Representation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
Full Face ◽  
Artistic Image ◽  
Formal Features

The article considers one of the key works of the portrait genre of the 1800s — the portrait of Adam K. Schwalbe by Orest A. Kiprensky. The analysis of this work by several generations of art historians (Herman A. Nedoshivin, Natalia N. Kovalenskaya, Dmitry V. Sarabyanov, Yakov V. Brook, Irina V. Linnik) reveals its main substantial and formal features, and also clarifies issues related to the concepts of tradition and innovation. All those who have written about this work agree that the artistic image of A. K. Schwalbe's portrait is based on impressions of Rubens and Rembrandt. However, a more careful analysis of Kiprensky's work provides an opportunity to considerably expand the sources of possible borrowings not only from the masters of the past. Studying it in the context of the art of 1800s leads to the conclusion that the works of Kiprensky's contemporaries (in particular Salvatore Tonchi) contain the same motifs used in the portrait of Schwalbe, namely: attributes of "fur coat portraits", the full-face representation of the model and the tightness of space, sharp character and expressiveness of the portrait's appearance. To prove the thesis that Kiprensky was influenced by the art of his time, a large number of works (including those by unknown artists), both famous and little-known, are involved.

Telling the Traumas of History

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Lipson Freed
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Distortions ◽  
Leslie Marmon Silko ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Arundhati Roy ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Small Things ◽  
The Third Person

Focusing on the novels Ceremony, by Leslie Marmon Silko, and The God of Small Things, by Arundhati Roy, Chapter 2 uses trauma theory to explore how histories of imperial domination refuse to be confined to the past. These two novels invite readers to identify to varying degrees with their traumatized protagonists, holding out the possibility of a resistant and revisionary “history from below.” Ultimately, however, a careful analysis of these two works reveals how literary trauma theorists, in their eagerness to give voice to the voiceless, are too readily taken in by the imaginative construct of the third-person narrator. While individual characters in these novels may suffer the cognitive distortions of trauma, the fragmentary, non-linear account that their readers receive is, in both cases, mediated by the presence of a narrator whose choices are conscious, volitional, and strategic.

scholarly journals Multi-proxy reconstructions of May–September precipitation field in China over the past 500 years

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1919-1938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Shi ◽  
Sen Zhao ◽  
Zhengtang Guo ◽  
Hugues Goosse ◽  
Qiuzhen Yin
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Western China ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Precipitation Field ◽  
The Past ◽  
Proxy Records ◽  
Second Mode ◽  
Grid Points ◽  
Proxy Reconstructions

Abstract. The dominant modes of variability of precipitation for the whole of China over the past millennium and the mechanism governing their spatial structure remain unclear. This is mainly due to insufficient high-resolution proxy records of precipitation in western China. Numerous tree-ring chronologies have recently been archived in publicly available databases through PAGES2k activities, and these provide an opportunity to refine precipitation field reconstructions for China. Based on 479 proxy records, including 371 tree-ring width chronologies, a tree-ring isotope chronology, and 107 drought/flood indices, we reconstruct the precipitation field for China for the past half millennium using the optimal information extraction method. A total of 3631 of 4189 grid points in the reconstruction field passed the cross-validation process, accounting for 86.68 % of the total number of grid points. The first leading mode of variability of the reconstruction shows coherent variations over most of China. The second mode is a north–south dipole in eastern China characterized by variations of the same sign in western China and northern China (except for Xinjiang province). It is likely controlled by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability. The third mode is a sandwich triple mode in eastern China including variations of the same sign in western China and central China. The last two modes are reproduced by most of the six coupled climate models' last millennium simulations performed in the framework of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase III (PMIP3). In particular, the link of the second mode with ENSO is confirmed by the models. However, there is a mismatch between models and proxy reconstructions in the time development of different modes. This mismatch suggests the important role of internal variability in the reconstructed precipitation mode variations of the past 500 years.

scholarly journals Loftier Doctrine: The use of Scripture in Justin Martyr’S Second Apology

Perichoresis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-200
Author(s):  
Stephen O. Presley
Keyword(s):  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Theological Perspective ◽  
Frequent Criticism

Abstract Over the past century many scholars have questioned integrity and composition of Justin Martyr’s Second Apology. One frequent criticism is that Justin quotes from a variety of sources in Greco- Roman philosophy, but never once quotes scripture. As a result scholars assume that the Second Apology reveals Justin’s real indebtedness to philosophy that diverges from his broader theological and scriptural concerns expressed in his other works. This article challenges these notions by arguing that scripture is essential Justin’s Second Apology and that the lack of any extended quotations of scripture is no basis to disparage his theological perspective. Careful analysis of Justin’s Second Apology demonstrates that he regularly appeals to the authority of scripture and provides numerous echoes and allusions to scriptural passages. Furthermore, in terms of his theological framework, these echoes and allusions are actually more important than mere quotations. They demonstrate that Justin does not simply quote scripture, but absorbs the scriptural content and applies it to particular theological debates and particular issues of Christian practice.

scholarly journals Labyrinthine Reactions and Their Relation to the Clinical Tests

1937 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 905-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. McNally
Keyword(s):  
Semicircular Canal ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tilt Test ◽  
Head Turning ◽  
Second Mode ◽  
Protective Reaction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Vertical Semicircular Canals

The rapid tilt test has shown that the vertical semicircular canals are in close connexion with the whole postural body musculature. Nystagmus reactions are only a small part of semicircular canal sphere of control. Further knowledge of the reaction-pattern of the body musculature resulting from the stimulation of each semicircular canal will help in diagnosing a lesion, not only of the individual semicircular canals, but also—even more important—of its intracranial connexions. The few reaction patterns already known, but not recognized as such, namely post-pointing, falling, and head turning, are true compensatory reactions, more easily understood if so considered and grouped with the protective reactions to the tilt tests. Recognition of the two modes of utricular action is essential to a correct analysis of tilt test reactions. The slow tilt described by Grahe and others, is an excellent test for “first mode” utricular action, but not for “second mode” action or for vertical semicircular canals. The quick tilt is primarily a test of vertical semicircular canal action, but normally the reaction is complicated by reactions from “second mode” utricular stimulation. If this fact is not taken into account the analysis of a reaction to a quick tilt may be misleading. When performing a quick tilt test, in addition to watching for the absence of the protective reaction (due to loss of one or both labyrinths), the investigator should try to note whether there is a tendency for the patient to be more easily thrown in the direction of the tilt—owing to a lesion of the vertical canals, the utricles being intact (“second mode” utricular action)—or whether there is a tendency for the patient to over-compensate (owing to a lesion of the utricles, the vertical canals being intact). If, in addition to the usual equilibrial tests, the quick tilt test is used in this way and a careful analysis is made of the reactions of patients with labyrinthine or intracranial lesions, diagnosis of lesions of individual labyrinthine end-organs or of their intracranial connexions may become a routine procedure in the clinic just as it is now possible in the laboratory.

The Rate of Return to Teaching: How does it Compare to other Graduate Jobs?

2004 ◽  
Vol 190 ◽  
pp. 89-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Dolton ◽  
Tsung-Ping Chung
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Teaching Profession ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Present Value ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Qualified Teachers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Return To Teaching

The problem of recruiting graduates into the teaching profession and retaining them has bedevilled recent UK governments. An obvious question to ask is why is teaching so relatively unattractive for graduates. This paper presents a careful analysis of this problem. We compare the earnings of qualified teachers who choose to teach with the ‘opportunity wage’ for those who do not teach. We find that the ‘rate of return on career choice’ for teachers has been declining for both men and women over the past 25 years although teaching is still relatively well paid for women. From our net present value analysis we estimate that males who enter teaching lose, on average, earnings of £40,000 to £67,000 over their lifetime while females could stand to gain average earnings of £42,000 to £65,000 if they opted to become school teachers.

scholarly journals Adaptive Reuse of Manor Houses: Modernism and Tradition in Fernando Távora’s Approach for Heritage Renovation

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-578
Author(s):  
David Ordóñez-Castañón ◽  
Teresa Cunha-Ferreira ◽  
Santiago Sánchez-Beitia
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Adaptive Reuse ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cultural Legacy ◽  
The North ◽  
Country Houses

This article seeks to analyze the methodology and principles underlying the intervention of the Portuguese architect and professor Fernando Távora (1923-2005) in the renovation of manor houses in the north of Portugal. Throughout his renowned professional career, Távora designed the refurbishment of numerous country houses, managing to adapt uses and spaces to the new requirements without undermining their strong identity in the landscape and their historical and architectural values. Thus, the study of his particular methodology can provide design guidelines to approach the adaptive reuse of this cultural legacy with respect for its heritage values, especially in rural areas undergoing a severe process of depopulation and agro-productive transformation. Three case studies have been selected in order to determine the evolution and consolidation of his practice: The Casa da Igreja in Mondim de Basto (1958-1961), the Casa da Covilhã (1963-1988) and the Casa da Breia (1984-1985). These renovation projects reveal careful analysis of the preexistence, supporting sensitive introduction of new elements with subtle contemporary expression in respectful continuity with the forms and atmospheres of the past.

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