scholarly journals Effects of fungal seed pathogens under conspecific and heterospecific trees in a temperate forest

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (10) ◽  
pp. 918-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Kotanen
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Temperate Forest ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Tsuga Canadensis ◽  
Temperate Zone ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Direct Feedback

This study investigated the impacts of soil fungi on seeds of two eastern North American temperate-zone trees: Acer saccharum Marsh. (sugar maple) and Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr (eastern hemlock). Seeds of each species were buried at locations dominated by either conspecifics or heterospecifics. Half were protected with fungicide, and the net consequences for survival and germination were assessed. Net effects of fungicide usually were positive, indicating that pathogens affected seeds more strongly than any potential mutualists. Losses of A. saccharum to fungi were modest, and almost identical in areas dominated by itself versus areas dominated by T. canadensis. In contrast, fungal impacts on T. canadensis were strongly habitat-dependent: losses to fungi were high in T. canadensis-dominated sites, but not in A. saccharum-dominated sites. This result is consistent with an accumulation of host-specific pathogens, either by a direct feedback between T. canadensis and its fungal enemies, or indirectly through modification of the soil environment. Even though these two trees share similar habitats, responses to fungicide indicate that their seeds are affected very differently by the soil environment.

Crown openness as influenced by tree and site characteristics for yellow birch, sugar maple, and eastern hemlock

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 488-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Lou Lefrançois ◽  
Marilou Beaudet ◽  
Christian Messier
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Regional Variability ◽  
Site Characteristics

Crown openness (CO) of mature trees influences light transmission within the forest canopy. However, in modeling, this variable is often considered constant within species, and its potential regional variability is ignored. The objective of this study was to evaluate if CO values of yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.), and eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière) vary according to the following factors: (i) species, (ii) regional actual evapotranspiration (AET), (iii) tree size (i.e., diameter at breast height, DBH), and (iv) angle of transmission from zenith. To achieve this, CO was evaluated for 136 yellow birches, 109 sugar maples, and 68 hemlocks from different regions of western Quebec, southern Ontario, and northern Michigan. Results showed that all of the studied factors affected CO. While dominant trees can intercept light laterally as well as vertically, smaller trees are more efficient at intercepting light vertically. Increasing AET is associated with more open crowns. Given its importance in light transmission in the understory, a better understanding of how CO varies between individuals, species, and regions is needed.

scholarly journals Widespread inbreeding and unexpected geographic patterns of genetic variation in eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), an imperiled North American conifer

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 475-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Potter ◽  
Robert M. Jetton ◽  
William S. Dvorak ◽  
Valerie D. Hipkins ◽  
Rusty Rhea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
North American ◽  
Tsuga Canadensis ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Geographic Patterns

Estimation of the S/G ratios of the lignins in three widely used North American hardwoods

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 449-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL NICHOLSON ◽  
CANDACE GUILFORD ◽  
ADEBUKOLA ABIOLA ◽  
SAMAR BOSE ◽  
RAYMOND FRANCIS
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
North American ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Governing Parameter ◽  
The North ◽  
G Ratio

Sugar maple (Acer saccharum), aspen (Populus tremuloides), and white birch (Betula papyrifera) are three hardwoods that are widely used by the North American pulp and paper industry. Because of their abundance, these species are also likely to be used by some of the biorefinery processes that are being developed. A significant amount of evidence indicates that the syringyl to guaiacyl (S/G) ratio of the lignin in a hardwood is a governing parameter regarding its ease of delignification. Credible data also show that among poplars the S/G ratio of the lignin significantly influences the ease of saccharification of the carbohydrate polymers to sugar monomers. Although the S/G ratio appears to be a key parameter for hardwoods, values accepted by most practitioners are not available for the three species. In this investigation, those ratios were estimated by an extensive literature review followed by S/G determination by nitrobenzene oxidation (NBO) and methoxyl analyses of organosolv lignin (OSL) from the ethanol/ water/sulfuric acid pulping process. The S/G values were approximately 1.4 for sugar maple, and 2.0 for aspen and white birch. Data are also included showing that sugar maple and white birch were equally reactive in kraft pulping. Thus, it is unclear whether or not the S/G ratio is indeed a governing parameter in this delignification process.

Dendroclimatic analysis of Acer saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, and Tsuga canadensis from an old-growth forest, southwestern Quebec

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 1491-1501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Tardif ◽  
Jacques Brisson ◽  
Yves Bergeron
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Tsuga Canadensis ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Ring Formation ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Old Growth Forest

Radial growth of three tree species (eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière; sugar maple, Acer saccharum Marsh.; and American beech, Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) from an old-growth forest, in southwestern Quebec was compared using a dendroclimatic approach. The beech and maple tree-ring chronologies were significantly correlated, whereas the hemlock chronology was correlated only to that of beech. Radial growth of all three species was positively correlated with precipitation and negatively correlated with temperatures during the early summer months of the year the annual ring was formed. This suggests early summer water balance limits the growth of these species on this site. Radial growth of the three species was also negatively correlated with temperatures during the late summer months of the year prior to ring formation. Only hemlock and sugar maple showed a positive correlation with precipitation during the year prior to ring formation. Of the three species, hemlock was most influenced by temperature and showed a positive correlation with winter temperatures. Our results also showed that, since the mid-19th century, certain climatic variables temporarily dominated the growth–climate association of the species. Hemlock showed the most stable growth–climate association, whereas in sugar maple, negative correlations with late winter temperature showed up during the second half of the 20th century.

Decay of birdseye sugar maple (Acer Saccharum) and curly red maple (Acer Rubrum)

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-297
Author(s):  
Tara Lee Bal ◽  
Katherine Elizabeth Schneider ◽  
Dana L. Richter
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Red Maple

High light intensity stress as the limiting factor in micropropagation of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amritpal S. Singh ◽  
A. Maxwell P. Jones ◽  
Mukund R. Shukla ◽  
Praveen K. Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Intensity Stress

American beech and sugar maple sapling relative abundance and growth are not modified by light availability following partial and total canopy disturbances

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 632-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Bannon ◽  
Sylvain Delagrange ◽  
Nicolas Bélanger ◽  
Christian Messier
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Canopy Opening ◽  
Unmanaged Forest

Studies have reported divergent results on the effect of soil fertility and canopy opening on understory density and growth of sugar maple (AS; Acer saccharum Marsh.) and American beech (FG; Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a gradient of canopy opening and soil fertility on the density and growth of AS and FG saplings in southwestern Quebec, Canada. We investigated 56 stands containing both AS and FG that were subjected to different disturbance history types (DHTs) (UF, unmanaged forest; PC, partial cut; and CC, clearcut) on various soil types. AS and FG absolute and relative sapling density varied greatly among the 56 stands; however, no significant effects of DHT, soil nutrient availability, or their interaction were found. Both species responded positively in terms of radial growth to canopy openings, with FG growth being slightly better than AS growth in PC stands compared with other canopy treatments. Contrary to our hypothesis, AS did not show significantly higher growth than FG following clear-cutting. These results do not support the idea that AS abundance and growth could be promoted by increasing the intensity of the canopy opening during harvest, at least on the generally acidic and base-poor soils that were investigated.

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