Inflorescence development in two tomato species

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Welty ◽  
C. Radovich ◽  
T. Meulia ◽  
E. van der Knaap
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Inflorescence Meristem ◽  
Inflorescence Architecture ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Tomato Species ◽  
Flower And Fruit Development ◽  
Determinate Growth ◽  
Regular Manner

The inflorescence of tomato has been characterized as either a cyme or raceme. Cymose inflorescences are determinate, whereas racemose inflorescences are indeterminate. In this study, we addressed the discrepancy in inflorescence architecture by analyzing the morphology of a wild relative of tomato Solanum pimpinellifolium L. and four domesticated Solanum lycopersicum L. lines. Careful observation of developing inflorescences of both species showed a bifurcation of the meristem into a determinate floral and an indeterminate inflorescence meristem. Interestingly, higher fruit carpel number was associated with delayed floral development, which might give the impression of determinate growth in some of the lines. Nevertheless, our results demonstrated that tomato inflorescences are indeterminate in nature regardless of the line studied. Floral buds were formed concomitantly with the development of the inflorescence meristem and not on the flanks of the peduncle, a characteristic of racemose growth. Thus, tomato inflorescences should be classified as a cyme with the note that the inflorescence meristem does not terminate into a flower and, in fact, maintains indeterminacy. In addition, S. pimpinellifolium produced many more flowers in a highly regular manner when compared with the cultivated types. This demonstrated the usefulness of wild relatives of tomato as a tool to further understand flower and fruit development in this crop species.

scholarly journals Genetic control of branching pattern and floral identity during Petunia inflorescence development

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Souer ◽  
A. van der Krol ◽  
D. Kloos ◽  
C. Spelt ◽  
M. Bliek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Branching Pattern ◽  
Inflorescence Meristem ◽  
Inflorescence Architecture ◽  
Phenotypic Analysis ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Meristem Identity ◽  
Floral Meristems

A main determinant of inflorescence architecture is the site where floral meristems are initiated. We show that in wild-type Petunia bifurcation of the inflorescence meristem yields two meristems of approximately equal size. One terminates into a floral meristem and the other maintains its inflorescence identity. By random transposon mutagenesis we have generated two mutants in which the architecture of the inflorescence is altered. In the extra petals- (exp) mutant the inflorescence terminates with the formation of a single terminal flower. Phenotypic analysis showed that exp is required for the bifurcation of inflorescence meristems. In contrast, the aberrant leaf and flower- (alf) mutant is affected in the specification of floral meristem identity while the branching pattern of the inflorescence remains unaltered. A weak alf allele was identified that, after bifurcation of the inflorescence meristem, yields a ‘floral’ meristem with partial inflorescence characteristics. By analysing independent transposon dTph1 insertion alleles we show that the alf locus encodes the Petunia FLORICAULA/LEAFY homolog. In situ hybridisation shows that alf is expressed in the floral meristem and also in the vegetative meristem. Differences and similarities between these Petunia mutants and mutations affecting inflorescence architecture in other species will be discussed.

scholarly journals Silencing of the Ortholog of DEFECTIVE IN ANTHER DEHISCENCE 1 Gene in the Woody Perennial Jatropha curcas Alters Flower and Fruit Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 8923
Author(s):  
Chuan-Jia Xu ◽  
Mei-Li Zhao ◽  
Mao-Sheng Chen ◽  
Zeng-Fu Xu
Keyword(s):  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Anther Dehiscence ◽  
Phospholipase A1 ◽  
Woody Perennial ◽  
Flower And Fruit Development ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Androecium Development

DEFECTIVE IN ANTHER DEHISCENCE 1 (DAD1), a phospholipase A1, utilizes galactolipids (18:3) to generate α-linolenic acid (ALA) in the initial step of jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we isolated the JcDAD1 gene, an ortholog of Arabidopsis DAD1 in Jatropha curcas, and found that it is mainly expressed in the stems, roots, and male flowers of Jatropha. JcDAD1-RNAi transgenic plants with low endogenous jasmonate levels in inflorescences exhibited more and larger flowers, as well as a few abortive female flowers, although anther and pollen development were normal. In addition, fruit number was increased and the seed size, weight, and oil contents were reduced in the transgenic Jatropha plants. These results indicate that JcDAD1 regulates the development of flowers and fruits through the JA biosynthesis pathway, but does not alter androecium development in Jatropha. These findings strengthen our understanding of the roles of JA and DAD1 in the regulation of floral development in woody perennial plants.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis of two inflorescence branching mutants reveals cytokinin is an important regulator in controlling inflorescence architecture in the woody plant Jatropha curcas

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mao-Sheng Chen ◽  
Mei-Li Zhao ◽  
Gui-Juan Wang ◽  
Hui-Ying He ◽  
Xue Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Adenosine Kinase ◽  
Inflorescence Architecture ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Order Branch ◽  
Important Regulator

Abstract Background In higher plants, inflorescence architecture is an important agronomic trait directly determining seed yield. However, little information is available on the regulatory mechanism of inflorescence development in perennial woody plants. Based on two inflorescence branching mutants, we investigated the transcriptome differences in inflorescence buds between two mutants and wild-type (WT) plants by RNA-Seq to identify the genes and regulatory networks controlling inflorescence architecture in Jatropha curcas L., a perennial woody plant belonging to Euphorbiaceae. Results Two inflorescence branching mutants were identified in germplasm collection of Jatropha. The duo xiao hua (dxh) mutant has a seven-order branch inflorescence, and the gynoecy (g) mutant has a three-order branch inflorescence, while WT Jatropha has predominantly four-order branch inflorescence, occasionally the three- or five-order branch inflorescences in fields. Using weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA), we identified several hub genes involved in the cytokinin metabolic pathway from modules highly associated with inflorescence phenotypes. Among them, Jatropha ADENOSINE KINASE 2 (JcADK2), ADENINE PHOSPHORIBOSYL TRANSFERASE 1 (JcAPT1), CYTOKININ OXIDASE 3 (JcCKX3), ISOPENTENYLTRANSFERASE 5 (JcIPT5), LONELY GUY 3 (JcLOG3) and JcLOG5 may participate in cytokinin metabolic pathway in Jatropha. Consistently, exogenous application of cytokinin (6-benzyladenine, 6-BA) on inflorescence buds induced high-branch inflorescence phenotype in both low-branch inflorescence mutant (g) and WT plants. These results suggested that cytokinin is an important regulator in controlling inflorescence branching in Jatropha. In addition, comparative transcriptome analysis showed that Arabidopsis homologous genes Jatropha AGAMOUS-LIKE 6 (JcAGL6), JcAGL24, FRUITFUL (JcFUL), LEAFY (JcLFY), SEPALLATAs (JcSEPs), TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (JcTFL1), and WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 3 (JcWOX3), were differentially expressed in inflorescence buds between dxh and g mutants and WT plants, indicating that they may participate in inflorescence development in Jatropha. The expression of JcTFL1 was downregulated, while the expression of JcLFY and JcAP1 were upregulated in inflorescences in low-branch g mutant. Conclusions Cytokinin is an important regulator in controlling inflorescence branching in Jatropha. The regulation of inflorescence architecture by the genes involved in floral development, including TFL1, LFY and AP1, may be conservative in Jatropha and Arabidopsis. Our results provide helpful information for elucidating the regulatory mechanism of inflorescence architecture in Jatropha.

scholarly journals GRAFT TAKES OF TOMATO ON OTHER SOLANACEOUS PLANTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 513-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDRÉ RICARDO ZEIST ◽  
JULIANO TADEU VILELA DE RESENDE ◽  
CLEVISON LUIZ GIACOBBO ◽  
CACILDA MARIA DUARTE RIOS FARIA ◽  
DIEGO MUNHOZ DIAS
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Solanum Pennellii ◽  
Physalis Peruviana ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Tomato Species ◽  
Graft Take ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Approach Method ◽  
Grafting Methods

ABSTRACT This paper aimed to assess tomato grafting on different solanaceous species through two grafting methods. Scions were cut from cultivar Santa Cruz Kada seedlings. A fully randomized experimental design was carried out with treatments in a 9 x 2 factorial scheme. As rootstocks, four accessions of mini-tomatoes (0224-53, RVTC 57, RVTC 20 and 6889-50 - Solanum lycopersicum L); two species of wild tomato (Solanum habrochaites var hirsutum ‘PI-127826’ and Solanum pennellii ‘LA716’); other two tomato species [Solanum, cocona (Solanum sessiliflorum) and physalis (Physalis peruviana)] and a control with cultivar Santa Cruz Kada (auto-graft) rootstocks were used. In addition, two grafting methods were evaluated full cleft and approach graft. Fifteen days after grafting, plants were assessed for graft-take percentage; root length; plant height; leaf number; foliar area; root, stem and leaf dry matter; and ratio between shoot and root dry matter. Based on the results, we may state rootstock and grafting interaction had effect on both graft -take rate and plant development. Overall, the studied plants should be recommended as rootstock, except for 6889-50 mini-tomato (S. lycopersicum L.) and S. pennellii. Full cleft grafting was most suitable for cocona and physalis, while the approach method showed better results for the mini-tomato accessions 0224-53, RVTC 57 and RVTC 20, as well as for S. habrochaites.

scholarly journals Recruitment of an ancient branching program to suppress carpel development in maize flowers

2022 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. e2115871119
Author(s):  
Harry Klein ◽  
Joseph Gallagher ◽  
Edgar Demesa-Arevalo ◽  
María Jazmín Abraham-Juárez ◽  
Michelle Heeney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Genetic Interaction ◽  
Genetic Interactions ◽  
Transcription Factor Gene ◽  
Inflorescence Meristem ◽  
Functional Conservation ◽  
Developmental Program ◽  
Axillary Meristems ◽  
Carpel Development ◽  
Floral Form

Carpels in maize undergo programmed cell death in half of the flowers initiated in ears and in all flowers in tassels. The HD-ZIP I transcription factor gene GRASSY TILLERS1 (GT1) is one of only a few genes known to regulate this process. To identify additional regulators of carpel suppression, we performed a gt1 enhancer screen and found a genetic interaction between gt1 and ramosa3 (ra3). RA3 is a classic inflorescence meristem determinacy gene that encodes a trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) phosphatase (TPP). Dissection of floral development revealed that ra3 single mutants have partially derepressed carpels, whereas gt1;ra3 double mutants have completely derepressed carpels. Surprisingly, gt1 suppresses ra3 inflorescence branching, revealing a role for gt1 in meristem determinacy. Supporting these genetic interactions, GT1 and RA3 proteins colocalize to carpel nuclei in developing flowers. Global expression profiling revealed common genes misregulated in single and double mutant flowers, as well as in derepressed gt1 axillary meristems. Indeed, we found that ra3 enhances gt1 vegetative branching, similar to the roles for the trehalose pathway and GT1 homologs in the eudicots. This functional conservation over ∼160 million years of evolution reveals ancient roles for GT1-like genes and the trehalose pathway in regulating axillary meristem suppression, later recruited to mediate carpel suppression. Our findings expose hidden pleiotropy of classic maize genes and show how an ancient developmental program was redeployed to sculpt floral form.

scholarly journals The CLV3 Homolog in Setaria viridis Selectively Controls Inflorescence Meristem Size

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanmei Zhu ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Olivia Crowell ◽  
Hui Zhao ◽  
Thomas P. Brutnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Peptide Ligands ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Inflorescence Meristem ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Meristem Size ◽  
Cle Peptides ◽  
Vegetative Traits ◽  
Floral Meristems

The CLAVATA pathway controls meristem size during inflorescence development in both eudicots and grasses, and is initiated by peptide ligands encoded by CLV3/ESR-related (CLE) genes. While CLV3 controls all shoot meristems in Arabidopsis, evidence from cereal grasses indicates that different meristem types are regulated by different CLE peptides. The rice peptide FON2 primarily controls the size of the floral meristem, whereas the orthologous peptides CLE7 and CLE14 in maize have their most dramatic effects on inflorescence and branch meristems, hinting at diversification among CLE responses in the grasses. Setaria viridis is more closely related to maize than to rice, so can be used to test whether the maize CLE network can be generalized to all members of subfamily Panicoideae. We used CRISPR-Cas9 in S. viridis to knock out the SvFON2 gene, the closest homolog to CLV3 and FON2. Svfon2 mutants developed larger inflorescence meristems, as in maize, but had normal floral meristems, unlike Osfon2, suggesting a panicoid-specific CLE network. Vegetative traits such as plant height, tiller number and leaf number were not significantly different between mutant and wild type plants, but time to heading was shorter in the mutants. In situ hybridization showed strong expression of Svfon2 in the inflorescence and branch meristems, consistent with the mutant phenotype. Using bioinformatic analysis, we predicted the co-expression network of SvFON2 and its signaling components, which included genes known to control inflorescence architecture in maize as well as genes of unknown function. The similarity between SvFON2 function in Setaria and maize suggests that its developmental specialization in inflorescence meristem control may be shared among panicoid grasses.

scholarly journals SISTER OF TM3 activates FRUITFULL1 to regulate inflorescence branching in tomato

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaotian Wang ◽  
Zhiqiang Liu ◽  
Shuai Sun ◽  
Jianxin Wu ◽  
Ren Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Inflorescence Architecture ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Branching Structures ◽  
Qpcr Analysis ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Reporter Assays ◽  
Selection For

AbstractSelection for favorable inflorescence architecture to improve yield is one of the crucial targets in crop breeding. Different tomato varieties require distinct inflorescence-branching structures to enhance productivity. While a few important genes for tomato inflorescence-branching development have been identified, the regulatory mechanism underlying inflorescence branching is still unclear. Here, we confirmed that SISTER OF TM3 (STM3), a homolog of Arabidopsis SOC1, is a major positive regulatory factor of tomato inflorescence architecture by map-based cloning. High expression levels of STM3 underlie the highly inflorescence-branching phenotype in ST024. STM3 is expressed in both vegetative and reproductive meristematic tissues and in leaf primordia and leaves, indicative of its function in flowering time and inflorescence-branching development. Transcriptome analysis shows that several floral development-related genes are affected by STM3 mutation. Among them, FRUITFULL1 (FUL1) is downregulated in stm3cr mutants, and its promoter is bound by STM3 by ChIP-qPCR analysis. EMSA and dual-luciferase reporter assays further confirmed that STM3 could directly bind the promoter region to activate FUL1 expression. Mutation of FUL1 could partially restore inflorescence-branching phenotypes caused by high STM3 expression in ST024. Our findings provide insights into the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying inflorescence development in tomato.

scholarly journals INTERMEDIUM-M encodes an HvAP2L-H5 ortholog and is required for inflorescence indeterminacy and spikelet determinacy in barley

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (8) ◽  
pp. e2011779118
Author(s):  
Jinshun Zhong ◽  
G. Wilma van Esse ◽  
Xiaojing Bi ◽  
Tianyu Lan ◽  
Agatha Walla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Inflorescence Meristem ◽  
Allelic Series ◽  
Inflorescence Architecture ◽  
Identity Shift ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved

Inflorescence architecture dictates the number of flowers and, ultimately, seeds. The architectural discrepancies between two related cereals, barley and wheat, are controlled by differences in determinacy of inflorescence and spikelet meristems. Here, we characterize two allelic series of mutations named intermedium-m (int-m) and double seed1 (dub1) that convert barley indeterminate inflorescences into wheat-like determinate inflorescences bearing a multifloreted terminal spikelet and spikelets with additional florets. INT-M/DUB1 encodes an APETALA2-like transcription factor (HvAP2L-H5) that suppresses ectopic and precocious spikelet initiation signals and maintains meristem activity. HvAP2L-H5 inhibits the identity shift of an inflorescence meristem (IM) to a terminal spikelet meristem (TSM) in barley. Null mutations in AP2L-5 lead to fewer spikelets per inflorescence but extra florets per spikelet. In wheat, prolonged and elevated AP2L-A5 activity in rAP2L-A5 mutants delays but does not suppress the IM−TSM transition. We hypothesize that the regulation of AP2L-5 orthologs and downstream genes contributes to the different inflorescence determinacy in barley and wheat. We show that AP2L-5 proteins are evolutionarily conserved in grasses, promote IM activity, and restrict floret number per spikelet. This study provides insights into the regulation of spikelet and floret number, and hence grain yield in barley and wheat.

scholarly journals Interspecies transfer of syntenic RAMOSA1 orthologs and promoter cis sequences impacts maize inflorescence architecture

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Strable ◽  
Erica Unger-Wallace ◽  
Alejandro Aragón-Raygoza ◽  
Sarah Briggs ◽  
Erik Vollbrecht
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Inflorescence Architecture ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Temporal Regulation ◽  
Functional Conservation ◽  
Inflorescence Morphology ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Flanking Sequences

Grass inflorescences support floral structures that each bear a single grain, where variation in branch architecture directly impacts yield. The maize RAMOSA1 (ZmRA1) transcription factor acts as a key regulator of inflorescence development by imposing branch meristem determinacy. Here, we show RA1 transcripts accumulate in boundary domains adjacent to spikelet meristems in Sorghum bicolor (Sb) and Setaria viridis (Sv) inflorescences similar as in the developing maize tassel and ear. To evaluate functional conservation of syntenic RA1 orthologs and promoter cis sequences in maize, sorghum and setaria, we utilized interspecies gene transfer and assayed genetic complementation in a common inbred background by quantifying recovery of normal branching in highly ramified ra1-R mutants. A ZmRA1 transgene that includes endogenous upstream and downstream flanking sequences recovered normal tassel and ear branching in ra1-R. Interspecies expression of two transgene variants of the SbRA1 locus, modeled as the entire endogenous tandem duplication or just the non-frameshifted downstream copy, complemented ra1-R branching defects and induced novel fasciation and branch patterns. The SvRA1 locus lacks conserved, upstream noncoding cis sequences found in maize and sorghum; interspecies expression of an SvRA1 transgene did not or only partially recovered normal inflorescence forms. Driving expression of the SvRA1 coding region by the ZmRA1 upstream region, however, recovered normal inflorescence morphology in ra1-R. These data leveraging interspecies gene transfer suggest that cis-encoded temporal regulation of RA1 expression is a key factor in modulating branch meristem determinacy that ultimately impacts grass inflorescence architecture.

scholarly journals Diminished Pathogen and Enhanced Endophyte Colonization upon CoInoculation of Endophytic and Pathogenic Fusarium Strains

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria E. Constantin ◽  
Babette V. Vlieger ◽  
Frank L. W. Takken ◽  
Martijn Rep
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Plant Defences ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Tomato Species ◽  
Tomato Roots ◽  
Pathogen Colonization

Root colonization by Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) endophytes reduces wilt disease symptoms caused by pathogenic Fo strains. The endophytic strain Fo47, isolated from wilt suppressive soils, reduces Fusarium wilt in various crop species such as tomato, flax, and asparagus. How endophyte-mediated resistance (EMR) against Fusarium wilt is achieved is unclear. Here, nonpathogenic colonization by Fo47 and pathogenic colonization by Fo f.sp. lycopersici (Fol) strains were assessed in tomato roots and stems when inoculated separately or coinoculated. It is shown that Fo47 reduces Fol colonization in stems of both noncultivated and cultivated tomato species. Conversely, Fo47 colonization of coinoculated tomato stems was increased compared to single inoculated plants. Quantitative PCR of fungal colonization of roots (co)inoculated with Fo47 and/or Fol showed that pathogen colonization was drastically reduced when coinoculated with Fo47, compared with single inoculated roots. Endophytic colonization of tomato roots remained unchanged upon coinoculation with Fol. In conclusion, EMR against Fusarium wilt is correlated with a reduction of root and stem colonization by the pathogen. In addition, the endophyte may take advantage of the pathogen-induced suppression of plant defences as it colonizes tomato stems more extensively.

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