Temporal variation of pollination classes in a tropical Venezuelan plain: the importance of habitats and life forms

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

Pollination of a total of 155 plant species was evaluated monthly in relation to flowering phenology, habitats, and life forms in the Venezuelan Central Plain. The relationships between flowering phenology and pollinating agent classes and their abundance were evaluated. The total number of pollinating agent classes was significantly correlated with the number of plant species for habitats and life forms, and at the community level. The number of pollinating agent classes did not change statistically with respect to flowering phenology for life form, habitats, and overall community, but the number of pollinting agent classes increased from the dry season to the rainy season for overall community and habitats, except for forest. The abundance of pollinating agents was significantly affected by flowering time. A cluster analysis revealed that the abundance of pollinating agent classes differed throughout the year, separating the dry and rainy seasons. Two trends were found in the temporal pattern of the nine pollinating agents: (1) nonseasonal, in which flowering of bat- and bird-pollinated species did not change drastically throughout the year; and (2) seasonal, in which the number of bee-, butterfly-, fly-, wasp-, moth-, beetle-, and wind-pollinated species changed throughout the year, increasing from the dry to the rainy season at the community level. The number of pollinating bees, butterflies, flies, and wasps peaked during the dry season for trees and shrubs, and therefore for forest. The number of moth-pollinated species increased from the mid-dry season to the rainy season, with a peak during the dry–rainy transition period. Beetle- and wind-pollinated species are phenologically concentrated in the rainy season: beetle-pollinated species were mainly in the forest and forest–savanna transition, and wind-pollinated species were associated with herbaceous species in savanna and disturbed areas. The distribution of pollinating agents was affected by seasonality in habitats and life forms. Therefore, life form may be considered a proximate element, reducing interference in the pollination process at the community level.

scholarly journals Cambial Activity and Phenology in Three Understory Species along an Altitude Gradient in Mexico

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 506
Author(s):  
Mayte S. Jiménez-Noriega ◽  
Lauro López-Mata ◽  
Teresa Terrazas
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Altitude Gradient ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

The aims of this study were to evaluate the cambial activity and phenology of three species with different life forms (Alchemilla procumbens, Acaena elongata and Ribes ciliatum) along an altitudinal gradient and to establish which environmental variables (light, soil humidity and temperature) had the greatest influence on cambial activity and phenological stages. Over two years, data on phenology, growth and cambium were gathered every four weeks in three to six sites per species in Sierra Nevada, Mexico. The results showed that Ribes is the only species that terminates cambial activity with leaves senescence and is influenced by the minimum soil temperature. The light environment influenced the vegetative stages in Alchemilla (cryptophyte), while in Acaena (hemicryptophyte), the mean soil temperature explained the findings related to leaf area during the dry season and growth along the gradient. In the three species, the reproductive phase dominated for a longer period at higher elevations, especially in Alchemilla. Only Ribes, the phanerophyte, showed a similar cambial activity to other trees and shrubs. Although cambium reactivates during the dry season, no xylogenesis occurs. The three species varied during the time in which vascular cambium was active, and this was dependent on the altitude. Specifically, the variation was more rhythmic in Ribes and switched on and off in Alchemilla. It is likely that, depending on the life form, vascular cambium may be more or less susceptible to one or more climate factors.

scholarly journals Macrophytes of the lowland wetlands in Morang district, Nepal

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umesh Koirala ◽  
Sasinath Jha
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Rural People

In total, 149 species of macrophytes (angiosperms 138, pteridophytes 7, bryophytes 2, algae 2) were recorded among which 117 species were emergent, 12 floating-leafed, 14 submerged and 6 free-floating on the basis of life form. In general, 68% species had flowering-fruiting during the rainy season, 17% in winter and 15% in the summer season. Many of the plant species were observed to play important role in meeting day to day requirements of the rural people. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njbs.v1i0.7480 Nepalese Journal of Biosciences 1: 131-139 (2011)

Flowering phenology and flower predation of Cullenia exarillata (Bombacaceae) by arboreal vertebrates in Western Ghats, India

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Ganesh ◽  
Priya Davidar
Keyword(s):  
Western Ghats ◽  
Keystone Species ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Canopy Tree ◽  
Southern Western Ghats ◽  
Annual Period

ABSTRACTThe flowering phenology and flower predation of Cullenia exarillata, a canopy tree at Kakachi in the southern Western Ghats, India, was studied from 1991 to 1993 in relation to general phenological patterns at the community level. Flowering was monitored from 30 marked trees and flower predation estimated from fallen flowers in 40, 1 m2 nets placed under the trees. Flowering occurs in the dry season and coincides with the period of fruit scarcity in the forest. Flowering is synchronous in the population and each tree produces a mean of c. 8730 flowers per tree over a period of c. 47 d. Flowers produced little nectar but the edible fleshy sepals compensated for this. Six species of arboreal mammals and seven species of birds ate the flowers. These consumed 57% of the flower crop of which 37% were completely destroyed. Flower predators could be important in flower fertilization. The overabundance of the flower crop and the timing of flowering, may have evolved as a strategy to satiate predators and enable the flowers to be pollinated during the annual period of fruit scarcity in the forest. This in turn makes Cullenia exarillata a possible keystone species in this forest.

scholarly journals Biodiversity conservation in cities: Defining habitat analogs for plant species of conservation interest

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Itani ◽  
M. Al Zein ◽  
N. Nasralla ◽  
S. N. Talhouk
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Landscape Management ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Habitat Diversity ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Urban Habitat ◽  
Stepwise Method

AbstractUrban plant habitats have become primary drivers of species interactions. They consist of managed vegetation and spontaneous assemblages of native, naturalized, ornamental garden escapes, and invasive species. Our objective was to define urban habitat analogs for a plant species of conservation interest, Matthiola crassifolia, which has persisted in varying abundance in the Mediterranean city of Beirut.We adopted a stepwise method that integrates two vegetation assessments, floristics, and physiognomy. We placed seventy-eight quadrats (1m x 1m) in 12 study sites following a deliberate biased method to capture habitat diversity. In every quadrat, we performed taxonomic identification and recorded life form of each species. We pooled species that shared the same life form into categories and estimated area cover for each of these life forms. We performed TWINSPAN analysis on floristic data to identify species positively associated with M. crassifolia, and on life forms, to determine plant assemblages that promote optimal M. crassifolia representation. We then combined findings from both analyses to generate a description of urban habitat analogs suitable for M. crassifolia.The results revealed that urban habitat analogs favorable to M. crassifolia include green spaces dominated by palms, low-lying succulents, or by shrubs with scale-like leaves. On the other hand, spaces dominated by turf grass, canopy trees, or vegetation that produces significant litter were not favorable to M. crassifolia’s persistence. Based on these findings, we generated a plant palette of native and non-native species to design urban habitat analogs favorable to the persistence of M. crassifolia.Synthesis and applicationsThe application of this method can inform planting designs that yield suitable habitats for plants of conservation interest. It can also guide landscape management plans that seek to create or modify green spaces to optimize growing conditions for species of conservation interest. Depending on sites, and based on the information generated by the stepwise method, designers and managers may decide to exclude life forms of native or non-native species that do not support the growth of a species of conservation interest, or they may create an artificial habitat that is conducive to its persistence.

Treatment of laboratory wastewater in a tropical constructed wetland comparing surface and subsurface flow

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 499-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Meutia
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Wastewater treatment by constructed wetland is an appropriate technology for tropical developing countries like Indonesia because it is inexpensive, easily maintained, and has environmentally friendly and sustainable characteristics. The aim of the research is to examine the capability of constructed wetlands for treating laboratory wastewater at our Center, to investigate the suitable flow for treatment, namely vertical subsurface or horizontal surface flow, and to study the effect of the seasons. The constructed wetland is composed of three chambered unplanted sedimentation tanks followed by the first and second beds, containing gravel and sand, planted with Typha sp.; the third bed planted with floating plant Lemna sp.; and a clarifier with two chambers. The results showed that the subsurface flow in the dry season removed 95% organic carbon (COD) and total phosphorus (T-P) respectively, and 82% total nitrogen (T-N). In the transition period from the dry season to the rainy season, COD removal efficiency decreased to 73%, T-N increased to 89%, and T-P was almost the same as that in the dry season. In the rainy season COD and T-N removal efficiencies increased again to 95% respectively, while T-P remained unchanged. In the dry season, COD and T-P concentrations in the surface flow showed that the removal efficiencies were a bit lower than those in the subsurface flow. Moreover, T-N removal efficiency was only half as much as that in the subsurface flow. However, in the transition period, COD removal efficiency decreased to 29%, while T-N increased to 74% and T-P was still constant, around 93%. In the rainy season, COD and T-N removal efficiencies increased again to almost 95%. On the other hand, T-P decreased to 76%. The results show that the constructed wetland is capable of treating the laboratory wastewater. The subsurface flow is more suitable for treatment than the surface flow, and the seasonal changes have effects on the removal efficiency.

scholarly journals FORAGE PRODUCTION AND PRESERVATION OF SPECIES BY ENRICHING CAATINGA WITH GRASSES AND THINNING AREAS INTO STRIPS

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 814-825
Author(s):  
JEFTE ARNON DE ALMEIDA CONRADO ◽  
ANA CLARA RODRIGUES CAVALCANTE ◽  
RAFAEL GONÇALVES TONUCCI ◽  
MARIA SOCORRO DE SOUZA CARNEIRO ◽  
MAGNO JOSÉ DUARTE CÂNDIDO
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Exotic Grasses ◽  
Buffel Grass ◽  
Herbaceous Biomass

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the thinning into strips and the enrichment with exotic grasses in a Caatinga area in order to maintain and increase the biodiversity of native vegetable species and forage production. Two studies were carried out-one in an area of Caatinga thinned into strips and one in an unmanipulated Caatinga area-during the rainy and rainy-dry season transition periods in 2016. The production of herbaceous biomass was evaluated, and the diversity and equability of the two areas were assessed through Shannon-Weaver (H’) and Pielou (J’) indexes. The establishment of massai and buffel grasses at the center and edges of the area thinned into strips was also evaluated. During the rainy season, the production of herbaceous biomass in the area thinned into strips and the unmanipulated area was 1,228 kg ha-1 and 833.33 kg ha-1, while during the rainy-dry transition period, it was 1,973 kg ha-1 and 836.00 kg ha-1, respectively. The indexes remained similar: H’ (1.86) and J’ (0.74) for the area thinned into strips, and H’ (1.77) and J’ (0.85) for the unmanipulated area. The massai grass presented better establishment and development than that by the buffel grass in the center and edges of the area thinned into strips. Thus, thinning into strips increases the biodiversity of an area, and this combined with enrichment through grasses increases the biomass of herbaceous forage.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF ETHNOBOTANICAL PLANTS USED BY THE MALAMUTHANS TRIBAL COMMUNITY IN THE MEDAPPARA FOREST, WESTERN GHATS OF KERALA

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-44
Author(s):  
Anjana P.R ◽  
Paulsamy S
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Western Ghats ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Ethnic Community ◽  
Tribal Community

Medappara forest of Kerala was surveyed to list out the ethnobotanical plants used by Malamuthans tribal community. Totally 250 plants belonging to 86 families were reported to be present in the study area, in which Fabaceae family was the dominant one contributed 25 species followed by the families, Euphorbiaceae (16 species), Asteraceae (13 species) and Acanthaceae with 12 species and the distribution of species in the study area includes various life-forms viz., trees (81 species), shrubs (53 species), herbs (78 species), climbers (35 species) and epiphytics (3 species) habits respectively. Of the 250 plant species, 237 (95%) were recognized as medicinally important and also cures 127 types of ailments. Of the 250 plant species encounted at all life-form levels. Sixteen ailment categories were classified, among them a higher number of 110 species were prescribed by the Malamuthan ethnic community for Gastro Intestinal Ailment (GIA).

scholarly journals Floristic Composition and Biological Spectrum of Hazarnoe Forest of District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

2017 ◽  
pp. 29-44
Author(s):  
ASGHAR KHAN
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Size Spectrum ◽  
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Biological Spectrum

The plant species of Hazarnoe Forest of District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, were evaluated floristically from April 2016 to November 2017. Of the total 240 reported plant species, 38 were monocots, 196 dicots which belongs to 85 families and 188 genera respectively. Poaceae was the leading family contributed 20 species. Family Asteraceae contributed (14 spp.), Lamiaceae (13 spp.) while Papilionaceae and Solanaceae each with 10 species. Of the total plant taxa perennials were 161 species compared to annuals (73 spp.) and biennials (06 spp.). The dominant growth form was herbs that contributed (108 spp.) followed by trees (50spp.) and shrubs (45 spp.) respectively. Phanerophytes were the dominant life-form (92 spp.) whereas leaf size spectrum of microphyll was reported as abundant in the overall floristic. Phanerophytes and microphyll leaf size was the dominant life forms which show typical climate of subtropical region governing the area. Conclusion of study was that the vegetation of the area is under heavy biotic pressure and need proper conservation.

scholarly journals Reproductive phenological patterns of cerrado plant species at the Pé-de-Gigante Reserve (Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, SP, Brazil): a comparison between the herbaceous and woody floras

2000 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. BATALHA ◽  
W. MANTOVANI
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Natural Vegetation ◽  
Reproductive Stage ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Floristic Survey ◽  
Paulo State

A natural vegetation area, with 1269 ha, composed mainly by cerrado, located at Santa Rita do Passa Quatro Municipality, São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil (21°36-39'S, 47°36-38'W), was studied. From September 1995 to February 1997, a floristic survey was carried out, when all vascular plant species at reproductive stage were collected. The flowering and fruiting patterns of the community were studied, comparing the herbaceous and the woody species. In the herbaceous component, 239 species were found and, in the woody one, 108 species. The woody species flowered mainly at the beginning of the rainy season, while the herbaceous ones produced flowers generally at the end of that season. The proportion of anemo and autochorous species was greater in the herbaceous component. The zoochorous ones, on the contrary, were more frequent in the woody component. At the dry season, when their dispersion is more efficient, the proportion of anemo and autochorous species producing fruits was higher. During the rainy season, when their fruits become attractive for longer time, the zoochorous species fruited more intensely.

scholarly journals Taxonomic Enumeration of Angiosperm Flora of Sreenagar Upazila, Munshigang, Dhaka, Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-172
Author(s):  
Zakia Mahmudah ◽  
Md Muzahidul Islam ◽  
Tahmina Haque ◽  
Mohammad Zashim Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Rare Species ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Calotropis Procera ◽  
Poisonous Plant ◽  
The Status ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Passiflora Foetida ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

The present article focuses the status of angiosperm flora of Sreenagar upazila under Munshiganj district. The study was done from July 2015 to June 2016. A total of 219 plant species of angiosperms was identified belonging to 165 genera and 70 families. Among them 38 species were monocotyledons and 181 plant species were dicotyledons. Herbs were the largest life forms among the angiosperms and contained about 58% of total plant species occurring in this area. Trees and shrubs occupied 23% and 12% respectively. Climbers were 6% but epiphytes (1%) were very negligible in number in the study area. About 51 medicinal plants were recorded from this study. The following species viz. Lasia spinosa, Calamus tenuis, Tinospora crispa, Passiflora foetida and Calotropis procera were recorded only once and hence considered as rare species in Sreenagar upazila. An invasive poisonous plant Parthenium hysterophorus was also found in Sreenagar. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 43(2): 161-172, December 2017

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