Functional differentiation in pollination processes between the outer and inner perianths in Iris gracilipes (Iridaceae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-Ichi Morinaga ◽  
Satoki Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pollination Success ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pollen Removal

We examined the functional differentiation in pollination processes between the outer and inner perianths in Iris gracilipes A. Gray flowers. We manipulated the length of the outer and inner perianths and examined the effect on the following: number of pollinator approaches to, and landings on, flowers; pollen removal and deposition during a single pollinator visit; total number of pollen grains removed; and seed production. The outer perianths contributed to the functions of pollinator approach and landing, pollen removal, and seed production, but not to mechanical fitting of pollinators. Since flowers with shortened outer perianths gained less pollination success than control flowers, and since lengthening of outer perianths did not enhance pollination success, the length of the outer perianths might have evolved as an adaptive characteristic. On the other hand, the inner perianths contributed to the functions of pollinator approach and pollen removal but not to pollinator landing, mechanical fitting of pollinators, nor seed production. Since flowers with shortened inner perianths gained pollination success similar to that of control flowers, the adaptive length of the inner perianths may be shorter than what is found in present-day flowers. We propose that genetic correlation between the outer and the inner perianths might prevent shortening of the inner perianths.

scholarly journals PRODUKSI POLONG DAN BIJI TANAMAN GAMAL (Glirisidia sepium) DARI BERBAGAI PROVENANSI DENGAN PEMUPUKAN NPK

PERENNIAL ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Muh. Restu ◽  
Baharuddin Mappangaja
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Forest Productivity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Biological Reproduction

The productivity of forest natural resources is now decreasing and therefore rehabilitation efforts is urgently needed. Breeding of forest plant is the best solution to increase forest productivity in both quantity and quality. The biological reproduction can be conducted through seed production with fertilization. This research was aimed at determining the effect of fertilizing treatments on pod and seed production of different Glirisidia sepium provenances to find out the best provenance and best fertilizer dosage. Fertilization treatments showed a significant effect on the pod and seed production. On the other hand, the provenance and its interaction with fertilizing did not show any significant effects on the pod and seed production. The best performance was found on the fertilization treatment of 500 g resulting in the average production of 1,288 pods and 27,621 seeds/tree. Keywords: Fertilizing, Seed Production, Provenance, Glirisidia sepium

Selfed-seed production depending on individual size and flowering sequence in Iris gracilipes (Iridaceae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 1096-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Kimura ◽  
Hiroshi S Ishii ◽  
Satoki Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Perennial Herb ◽  
Pollination Experiments ◽  
Selfed Seed ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Self Fertilization ◽  
Individual Size

To examine the influence of individual size and time of pollination on selfed and outcrossed seed production, we conducted hand-pollination experiments in 2000 and 2001 in the perennial herb Iris gracilipes A. Gray (Iridaceae). Small individuals produced outcrossed seeds to a greater extent than selfed seeds, whereas large individuals produced not only outcrossed seeds but also selfed seeds. On the other hand, when half of all flowering shoots of an individual were removed, both selfed and outcrossed seeds were produced independent of individual size. Flowers that opened earlier within the same flowering shoots were likely to produce outcrossed seeds, while those that opened later within the same flowering shoots produced relatively more selfed seeds than did the flowers which opened earlier. Thus, the ratio of the numbers of selfed to outcrossed seeds produced may differ between small and large individuals. These results suggest that plants regulate selfed- and outcrossed-seed production depending on their sizes and flowering sequence.Key words: self-fertilization, individual size, flowering sequence, Iris gracilipes.

scholarly journals Badania nad pyłkiem potomstwa brzozy ojcowskiej Betula oycoviensis [Investigations on the pollen of the progeny of Betula oycoviensis Basser]

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Szwabowicz
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
The Other ◽  
Arithmetic Means ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pollen Diameter

Several crossings have been executed, of which it results that the progeny of <em>Betula oycomensis</em> pollinated by <em>Betula oycoviensis</em> segregates into three groups: the type <em>oycoviensis</em>, type <em>verrucosa</em> and type <em>„nova"</em>. The two formes occur as trees, the last mentioned is a small shrub. It has been established that the arithmetic means of the pollen diameter of the three types of birches hardly differed among themselves. As regards the degree of development, there were only very slight differences between the particular types within one generation and between generations. On the other hand, there were fairly great individual differences among the particular specimens as regards the size and degree of development of the pollen grains. These values underwent changes from year to year.

Why does the flower of Lonicera japonica open at dusk?

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 1806-1811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Miyake ◽  
Tetsukazu Yahara
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Grains ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lonicera Japonica ◽  
Pollination Syndrome ◽  
Pollen Transfer ◽  
Pollination Syndromes ◽  
Pollen Removal ◽  
Hawkmoth Pollination ◽  
Effective Pollinators ◽  
Pollen Consumption

We investigated contributions of diurnal pollinators and a nocturnal pollinator to pollen transfer in Lonicera japonica (Caprifoliaceae), whose flowers have traits typical of the hawkmoth-pollination syndrome. Diurnal bees, Tetralonia nipponensis and Lasioglossum sp., delivered more pollen grains than the nocturnal hawkmoth Theretra japonica per visit, suggesting that these bees were also effective pollinators. However, these bees removed over 10 times more pollen at one visit than the hawkmoth. Because of the higher pollen consumption by these bees, anthesis at dusk is considered to be optimal for Lonicera japonica to maximize overall pollen transfer under the visitation of both nocturnal and diurnal pollinators. Tetralonia japonica dispersed color dye farther than the other pollinators, which suggests that the nocturnal pollinator contributes more to cross-pollination than the diurnal pollinators.Key words: Lonicera japonica, hawkmoth-pollinated flowers, pollinator efficiency, pollen removal, pollination syndromes, timing of anthesis.

scholarly journals The Flora of Paraíba State, Brazil: subfamilies Ajugoideae and Viticoideae (Lamiaceae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Kalina da Silva Monteiro ◽  
José Floriano Barêa Pastore ◽  
José Iranildo Miranda de Melo
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
Taxonomic Treatment ◽  
Cosmopolitan Distribution ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Species Descriptions

Abstract: The Lamiaceae family includes about 7,000 species allocated in 236 genera, with almost cosmopolitan distribution, currently divided into nine subfamilies. In Brazil 46 genera and 525 species occur, distributed in four subfamilies. Among these subfamilies, Ajugoideae and Viticoideae were originally parts of the Verbenaceae family, being transferred to Lamiaceae as a result of several systematic studies on the two families. Ajugoideae is characterized by having drupes with four mericarps, non-persistent styles and pollen grains with exine formed by granular and branched columns. On the other hand, Viticoideae is characterized to have drupes with 4-locular pyrenes or 2 2-locular pyrenes and exine microreticulate or slightly rough. We present here the results of a taxonomic survey of the subfamilies Ajugoideae and Viticoideae (Lamiaceae) for Paraíba State, Brazil, based on excursions to collect fertile material, analyses of specimens incorporated into herbaria in Paraíba (ACAM, CSTR, EAN and JPB) and Pernambuco State (IPA and PEUFR), and consultations of the SpeciesLink and Herbário Virtual REFLORA databases. Identifications were based on the specialized literature and the examination of type and protolog specimens. Ten species belonging to three genera, five belonging to the subfamily Ajugoideae (Aegiphila integrifolia (Jacq.) Moldenke, A. luschnathii Schauer, A. pernambucensis Moldenke, A. verticillata Vell. and Amasonia campestris (Aubl.) Moldenke) and five to the subfamily Viticoideae (Vitex gardneriana Schauer, V. megapotamica (Spreng.) Moldenke, V. orinocensis Kunth, V. rufescens A. Juss. and V. schaueriana Moldenke) were recorded. The taxonomic treatment includes a key to identify genera and species, descriptions, illustrations, taxonomic comments, geographic distribution, habitats and phenological data of the species.

Seed Production System in Romania

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Najah Naiem Mutlak
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Production System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

This paper aims at presenting the structure of varieties and the evolution of consumption of seeds for main cereal crops. Analyzing the number of varieties and hybrids, it may be noticed that there is a growing trend. In Romania, the quantities of seeds used were variable, depending, on the one hand of the importance and expansion of the crop, and, on the other hand, on the records existing in the seed chain. For Romania, looking at the overall practices applied in relation to seed utilization a growing trend was noticed with respect to using seeds for wheat crops, but also a drop of barley and maize crops, besides the annual fluctuating consumption levels. By correlating the factors (areas and amounts of seeds) with production that may be obtained a growing trend for wheat and barley was noticed and a decreasing trend for maize.

scholarly journals Geographical and seasonal distributions of the seedeaters Sporophila bouvreuil and Sporophila pileata (aves: Emberizidae)

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (32) ◽  
pp. 517-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Érika Machado ◽  
Luís Fábio Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Short Distance ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
The Other ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Resident Populations

Many species in the genus Sporophila are migratory. Migration patterns, while poorly studied, may be influenced by seed production which can be very seasonal in some regions. The distribution of S. bouvreuil extends from the Amazon and Suriname south through a large part of the open regions of Brazil. Sporophila pileata, on the other hand, is found in southeastern and southern Brazil as well as Argentina and Paraguay. Both of these species migrate, but their movement patterns are poorly known. To better understand the geographical and the seasonal distributions of S. bouvreuil and S. pileata, we grouped the records into two categories: the breeding season (September to March) and the putative migration season (April to August). We found two areas of sympatry between S. bouvreuil and S. pileata in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo. For S. bouvreuil we suggest that populations that breed in the Amazon migrate to the Cerrado or Caatinga, where they will encounter resident populations of the same species. These resident populations may take part in short distance migrations. Sporophila pileata, on the other hand, occur in the Cerrado and open areas within the Atlantic Forest and it is not yet possible to determine migratory tendencies or destinations in the non-breeding season.

scholarly journals Nutzung des Ultraschalls in der Schlachtleistungsprüfung und Zuchtwertschätzung für Schafe

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-184
Author(s):  
E. Gernand ◽  
H. Lenz
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Kidney Fat ◽  
Increase Efficiency

Abstract. Title of the paper: Using of Ultrasound for estimation of carcass composition and prediction of breeding value for sheep’s In Thuringia the subjective visual conformation scores of carcasses for blade (BL), leg (K), back (R), fat overlay (OF) and kidney fat (NF) were added by ultrasonic muscle (USK) and fat (USF) depths of living lambs. Heritabilitity estimates were carried out on 2654 slaughtered and 3228 living and ultrasonic-tested Merinolongwool lambs. Estimates of the subjective conformation scores were very low with 0.178 (BL); 0.143 (K); 0.165 (R) and 0.118 (OF). Slightly higher heritabilities could be estimated for NF (0.234), USK (0.26) and USF (0.174). The genetic correlations between conformation scores for muscle on one hand and OF and USF on the other hand were between 0.313 and 0.848. In contrast, the genetic correlation between USK on one hand and OF and USF on the other hand was rA = 0.022 and rA = −0.110, respectively). This may increase efficiency of breeding . By means of selection differences, it is recommended to use USK instead of blade and back, and USF instead of fat overlay in selection index.

A study of cometary eruptions through OH radio-lines

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A.M. Silva ◽  
R.D. Miró
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Radio Lines ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sudden Rise

AbstractWe have developed a model for theH2OandOHevolution in a comet outburst, assuming that together with the gas, a distribution of icy grains is ejected. With an initial mass of icy grains of 108kg released, theH2OandOHproductions are increased up to a factor two, and the growth curves change drastically in the first two days. The model is applied to eruptions detected in theOHradio monitorings and fits well with the slow variations in the flux. On the other hand, several events of short duration appear, consisting of a sudden rise ofOHflux, followed by a sudden decay on the second day. These apparent short bursts are frequently found as precursors of a more durable eruption. We suggest that both of them are part of a unique eruption, and that the sudden decay is due to collisions that de-excite theOHmaser, when it reaches the Cometopause region located at 1.35 × 105kmfrom the nucleus.

Closing the GAP—A 5Å Scanning Microscope

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Normal Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Conventional Microscope ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
Thermal Sources ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Transmission Microscope

We have become accustomed to differentiating between the scanning microscope and the conventional transmission microscope according to the resolving power which the two instruments offer. The conventional microscope is capable of a point resolution of a few angstroms and line resolutions of periodic objects of about 1Å. On the other hand, the scanning microscope, in its normal form, is not ordinarily capable of a point resolution better than 100Å. Upon examining reasons for the 100Å limitation, it becomes clear that this is based more on tradition than reason, and in particular, it is a condition imposed upon the microscope by adherence to thermal sources of electrons.

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