The response of Vaccinium myrtillus to variations in grazing intensity in a Scandinavian pine forest on the island of Svanøy

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (12) ◽  
pp. 1638-1644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stein Joar Hegland ◽  
Knut Rydgren ◽  
Tarald Seldal
Keyword(s):  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Vaccinium Myrtillus ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
The Impact

The impact on the performance of dwarf shrub Vaccinium myrtillus L. (bilberry) subjected to differing natural intensities of grazing by Cervus elaphus L. (red deer) was examined in a mature Scandinavian pine forest, on Svanøy, an island on the western coast of Norway. All the study sites were in forest where bilberry dominated the forest floor and no forestry activities had been carried out for several decades. Pellet group counts were used as measure of grazing intensity. Bilberry size, abundance, and fruit set, and invertebrate activity on bilberry were negatively related to grazing intensity. The responses varied between early and late summer (negative or neutral), but impact on plant size was negative throughout the season. Because of the large variation in grazing intensity represented in our study, we can, in contrast to many experimental studies, show that grazing affects the performance of bilberry even at low grazing intensities. The effect on fruit production and invertebrate activity on bilberry indicates that red deer grazing has a negative impact on the population dynamics of the plant and invertebrate herbivores.

Shopping online? The role of imagination and gender

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 2604-2628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manveer K. Mann ◽  
Yuping Liu-Thompkins
Keyword(s):  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Product Evaluation ◽  
Brand Experience ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Female Consumers ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This study aims to examine gender differences in the impact of imagining product use on purchase decisions. The authors argue that while imagination can enhance purchase intention for female consumers, it can be detrimental to male consumers. This study explores the conditions under which imagination can be turned into a positive device for male consumers. Design/methodology/approach Three experimental studies were conducted. The first two studies illustrate the differential effects of imagination on males vs females. Given the negative effect found among males, the third study focused exclusively on male consumers to identify conditions under which the negative impact of imagination on these consumers can be alleviated. Findings Studies 1 and 2 show that while an imagination tactic has positive or no effect on female consumers, a generic imagination request lowers male consumers’ purchase intention. Focusing on potential ways of alleviating this negative effect, Study 3 shows that for males without prior brand ownership experience, imagining product use in a less-typical context can increase purchase intention. Research limitations/implications The results provide evidence that gender impacts the effectiveness of imagination in improving product evaluation. Furthermore, the context of imagination and previous brand experience can be used together to determine how male consumers respond to imagination. Practical implications The study’s findings warn against the blind use of imagination tactics. Instead, retailers need to customize imagination tactics based on gender, previous brand experience and product usage context. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first papers to examine the impact of gender on the influence of imagination on product evaluation.

scholarly journals Improving Cardiovascular Health through Nudging Healthier Food Choices: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Tørris ◽  
Hilde Mobekk
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
The Impact

Obesity and metabolic syndrome are considered major public health problems, and their negative impact on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) is profound. Targeting modifiable risk factors such as dietary habits is therefore of great importance. Many of today’s health challenges with overweight and obesity may have behavioral roots, and traditional methods such as regulations and campaigns are often insufficient to improve dietary choices. Nudging or choice architecture might be a viable tool to influence people’s everyday choices and behaviors to better outcomes. This paper reviews the current state of the rapidly expanding number of experimental field studies that investigate the effects/associations of nudging on healthy food choices. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, where 142 citations were identified. Based on selection criteria, six randomized controlled trials and 15 non-randomized controlled trials were ultimately included. The results of this systematic review show that many of the studies included traffic-light labeling, which may be a promising strategy. The reviewed findings, however, also highlight the challenges that confront experimental studies examining the impact of nudging on diet.

scholarly journals Arribazones de Sargassum en la costa norte occidental de Cuba

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
G. Arencibia-Carballo ◽  
J.M. Irañeta Batallán ◽  
J. Morell ◽  
A.R. Moreira González
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Caribbean Sea ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Tidal Zone ◽  
The North ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Impact

The pelagic macroalgae finches of the Sargassum genus in the Caribbean Sea currently represent a very natural problem due to their negative impact on the tourism industry, fishing industry, the environment and society in general. This work presents an above report of Sargassum that occurred on the north western coast of the Cuban archipelago in March 2019. The macroalgae species identified in the tidal zone were Sargassum fluitans and S. natans, and the specific geographic area where the impact of the upheaval occurred was from the west of Matan-zas bay to Mariel bay. The finches of these macroalgae were cataloged with a moderate magnitude compared to other reports in the Mexican Caribbean and in the Dominican Republic. This order of magnitude was cataloged based on its covered area of 169.3 km and its distribution along the coast in large patches, but very fragmented, despite the prevailing winds from the first quadrant (from north to east) during this period. Other events of this type reported in Cuba and the Caribbean region are taken up and discussed. Keywords: Caribbean Sea, Sargassum fluitans, Sargassum natans, Cuba.

scholarly journals Rainfall decrease and red deer rutting behaviour: Weaker and delayed rutting activity though higher opportunity for sexual selection

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0244802
Author(s):  
Marina F. Millán ◽  
Juan Carranza ◽  
Javier Pérez-González ◽  
Juliana Valencia ◽  
Jerónimo Torres-Porras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Cervus Elaphus Hispanicus ◽  
Iberian Red Deer ◽  
Rainfall Reduction ◽  
The Impact

In the last decades, climate change has caused an increase in mean temperatures and a reduction in average rainfall in southern Europe, which is expected to reduce resource availability for herbivores. Resource availability can influence animals' physical condition and population growth. However, much less is known on its effects on reproductive performance and sexual selection. In this study, we assessed the impact of three environmental factors related to climate change (rainfall, temperature and vegetation index) on Iberian red deer Cervus elaphus hispanicus reproductive timing and sexual behaviour, and their effects on the opportunity for sexual selection in the population. We measured rutting phenology as rut peak date, the intensity of male rutting activity as roaring rate, and the opportunity for sexual selection from the distribution of females among harem holding males in Doñana Biological Reserve (Southwest Spain), from data of daily observations collected during the rut over a period of 25 years. For this study period, we found a trend for less raining and hence poorer environmental conditions, which associated with delayed rutting season and decreased rutting intensity, but that appeared to favour a higher degree of polygyny and opportunity for sexual selection, all these relationships being modulated by population density and sex ratio. This study highlights how climate change (mainly rainfall reduction in this area) can alter the conditions for mating and the opportunity for sexual selection in a large terrestrial mammal.

scholarly journals Experimental studies of microbial populations and incidence of zoonotic pathogens in the faeces of red deer (Cervus elaphus)

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 446-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gnat ◽  
A. Trościańczyk ◽  
A. Nowakiewicz ◽  
B. Majer-Dziedzic ◽  
G. Ziółkowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogens

Impact of vertical line extensions on brand attitudes and new extensions

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Palmeira ◽  
Jing Lei ◽  
Ana Valenzuela
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Vertical Line ◽  
Asymmetric Effect ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Brand Evaluations ◽  
Line Extensions ◽  
Symmetric Pattern ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Companies often extend brands to higher or lower quality tiers to access different market segments. However, the impact of such extensions on the brand and its subsequent offerings is not yet conclusive. While some studies found an “averaging” pattern (all models contribute equally to the overall perception of the brand: a symmetric effect), others found a “best-of-brand” pattern (the positive impact of an upstream extension is much greater than the negative impact of a downstream extension: an asymmetric effect). This paper aims to reconcile these seemingly conflicting findings by assessing the conditions under which each pattern is likely to emerge. Design/methodology/approach Three experimental studies are presented to test the conditions under which a symmetric or asymmetric pattern of brand evaluation would merge. Study 1 examined the impact of judgment focus (quality vs expertise) on the pattern of brand evaluations. Study 2 tested the impact of having a comparative set on the assessment of specific brand dimensions. Study 3 examined the impact of the informativeness of price positioning on product quality expectations. Findings Brand evaluations and attitudes are determined by the presence of a comparative brand and judgment focus. When brands are evaluated without a comparison, a symmetric pattern emerges, as a low-tier extension hurts a brand as much as a high-tier extension helps it. In contrast, when brands are evaluated with a comparison, focusing the assessment on quality leads to a symmetric pattern, while focusing it on expertise leads to an asymmetric one. Research limitations/implications The present research specifies conditions under which a low-tier model may hurt brand perceptions. We used hypothetical brands to avoid the impact of preexisting attitudes. While we expect our results to generalize to real brands, this may be considered a limitation of the present research. Practical implications The current research delineates the circumstances under which vertical line extensions have positive, neutral or negative impact on brand perceptions and future product expectations. We introduce the presence of a comparison set as a key variable and show how it interacts with assessment focus to affect brand evaluations. When thinking about the impact of extensions on brand perceptions, marketers need to consider which assessment focus is likely to be triggered by environmental cues and whether comparisons are salient. Originality/value Brand extension is an important area of investigation as evidenced by the vast literature dedicated to the subject. The present paper advances knowledge in this area by identifying key factors affecting the impact of vertical extensions on brand perceptions.

scholarly journals MODERN CONCEPTS ABOUT IMPACT OF DIFFERENT FOOD ADDITIVES ON THE HUMAN BODY

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 194-198
Author(s):  
Н. M. Mustafina ◽  
I. I. Starchenko ◽  
V. М. Koka ◽  
Ye. I. Lukachina ◽  
V. V. Chernyak
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Malignant Tumours ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact

This article highlights the analysis of available data about the impact of food additives on a human body. We specified the meaning of the term "food additives", paid attention to the history of discovering and applying food additives, described the differences between natural and synthetic food additives. According to the literature, most food additives used in modern food industry can be considered quite safe. The safety of food additives is determined on the basis of extensive comparative studies, and the use of food additives is prohibited unless they have been tested and approved by the relevant authorities. But, with the development of analytical methods, the emergence of new experimental data, the question of the possible negative impacts of one or another additive on individual organs and systems of the human body can be reconsidered. In particular, certain food additives that were previously considered harmless, for example E 240, E 121, are now recognized as very dangerous and prohibited for use. It has been proven that food supplements that are harmless to one person can have a negative effect on another. Therefore, it is recommended to limit the use of food additives for children, the elderly and people prone to allergic reactions. The article describes in detail the results of experimental studies about the negative impact of specific additives, in particular ponceau 4R, sodium nitrite and monosodium glutamate on individual internal organs. Attention is focused on the group of food additives such as nitrogen compounds, which due to the biotransformation can result in the nitrite formation. An excess of the latter, in turn, according to some researchers, can provoke the development of malignant tumours in various organs, primarily in the terminal parts of the colon. Thus, the impact of various combinations of food additives on the morpho-functional state of the internal organs requires further detailed research.

scholarly journals How do red deer react to increased visitor numbers? A case study on human-deer encounter probability and its effect on cortisol stress responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 55-78
Author(s):  
Gabriel Dixon ◽  
Andrew S. Marriott ◽  
Graham Stelfox ◽  
Chris Dunkerley ◽  
Sven P. Batke
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Encounter Probability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Visitor Numbers

The numbers of visitors to greenspaces in the United Kingdom has increased over the last few years as the health benefits of spending time in greenspaces have become better known. This has led to problems for conservation ecologists due to increased numbers of reported human-wildlife encounters. Deer are often found in public spaces and are of particular concern. Previous research suggests elevated levels of stress hormones (e.g., cortisol) in deer is a result of increased human activity. This has been linked to several negative effects on the deer’s health. From a practitioner’s point of view, it is therefore important to implement effective management strategies that are based on scientific evidence to help ensure the welfare of managed deer populations. In an effort to identify the impact of visitor numbers on faecal cortisol concentrations, samples from 2 red deer (Cervus elaphus) herds in Lyme Park (Cheshire), United Kingdom, were collected and analysed. A predictive spatial model was developed based on logistic regression to identify areas within the park of low and high human-deer encounter probability. The faecal cortisol levels were found to be significantly higher on days with a high number of visitors. In addition, landscape features such as buildings and roads increased the probability of human-deer encounters, whereas woodland and scrub decreased the probability. However, human-deer encounter probability changed with distance to the features. By providing local park managers with this scientific data, these findings can directly inform current management efforts to reduce deer stress levels in Lyme Park. In addition, the spatial modelling method has the capacity to be implemented in other parks across the country with minimal cost and effort.

Impact of Red Deer Cervus elaphus Grazing on Bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus and Composition of Ground Beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) Assemblage

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 2049-2059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Melis ◽  
Astrid Buset ◽  
Per Arild Aarrestad ◽  
Oddvar Hanssen ◽  
Erling L. Meisingset ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Ground Beetle ◽  
Vaccinium Myrtillus
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