A comparative cytological analysis of fungal endophytes in the sporophyte rhizomes and vascularized gametophytes of Tmesipteris and Psilotum

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
pp. 1443-1456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey G. Duckett ◽  
Roberto Ligrone
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Vascular Anatomy ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Vascular Elements ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Hyphal Coils

This article describes the results of a light and electron microscopic study of the fungal endophytes and vascular anatomy in the rhizomes and gametophytes of Tmesipteris and Psilotum. The parenchymatous cortical cells of the rhizomes and subterranean gametophytes of Tmesipteris and Psilotum contain intracellular aseptate glomeromycotean fungi resembling the “Paris-type” of arbuscular mycorrhizas found in seed plants. The fungi differentiate into multinucleate vesicles and hyphal coils, both containing bacteria-like structures and accumulating lipid masses and crystals as they age. After several cycles of infection in the same cell, degenerate hyphae form amorphous masses encased by host wall material. Nearly identical host–fungus cytology between the autotrophic sporophytes and the heterotrophic gametophytes suggests that these psilophyte associations are exploitative of the fungus in both generations. Following the description of tracheids nearly 60 years ago in the gametophytes of Psilotum, vascular elements are described for the first time in the haploid generation of Tmesipteris. Close similarities between the water- and food-conducting elements in both generations, viz. vessel elements with scalariform perforation plates and sieve cells with refractive spherules and lacking callose at all stages in their develoment, add support to the homologous theory of the alternations of generations. Mitochondrial aggregations, cross-linked by small electron-opaque rods, are common in the stelar cells of both generations and appear to be a unique feature of the psilophyte clade.

Anatomy and ultrastructure of a Rhododendron root–fungus association

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (23) ◽  
pp. 2421-2433 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Peterson ◽  
W. C. Mueller ◽  
L. Englander
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Host Cytoplasm ◽  
Hair Roots ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Hyphal Coils

Light and electron microscopic investigations of the roots of Rhododendron and other ericaceous plants growing in the vicinity of Clavaria fruiting structures showed a fungal infection consistently associated with the epidermal and cortical cells of the "hair roots." Uninfected hair roots consisted of an epidermis and a one cell thick cortical layer surrounding the stele. Secondary growth in the stele and formation of a cork layer by division of the pericycle caused the cortex and epidermis to slough as the root matured. The structure of the infected hair roots was similar except for the presence of fungus in epidermal and cortical cells. As judged by the appearance of septa, at least two fungi were involved, one with dolipore septa that formed hyphal coils in the infected cells, and one with septa associated with Woronin bodies that occurred as single hyphal strands. Hyphae were found penetrating the cells from the exterior of the root and also passing from cell to cell. No correlation between fungal infection and the phenolic content of the cells could be made. Dissolution of both the fungal and host cytoplasm appeared to occur as the cells were sloughed. It appears that the fungus–root relationship is complex and is limited in duration to a short period of time during the development of the hair roots.

Cortical colonisation is not an absolute requirement for phosphorus transfer to plants in arbuscular mycorrhizas formed by Scutellospora calospora in a tomato mutant: evidence from physiology and gene expression

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Manjarrez ◽  
Helle M. Christophersen ◽  
Sally E. Smith ◽  
F. Andrew Smith
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Absolute Requirement ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonisation ◽  
Hyphal Coils ◽  
Scutellospora Calospora

Arbuscules in Arum-type arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM), formed intracellularly in root cortical cells, are generally believed to be the most important and defining characteristics of the symbiosis as sites for phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) exchange. We used a Pen + Coi– phenotype (penetration of epidermal and exodermal root cells but not arbuscule formation) formed in rmc (reduced mycorrhizal colonisation) mutant tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) by Scutellospora calospora (Nicol. & Gerd.) Walker & Sanders to determine whether the fungus is capable of transferring P from soil to plant and whether there is concurrent upregulation of AM-inducible orthophosphate (Pi) transporter gene expression in the roots. Our physiological data showed that colonisation of outer root cell layers is sufficient for P transfer from S. calospora to tomato. This transfer of P was supported by increased expression of the Pi transporter genes, LePT3 and LePT5, known to be upregulated in AM interactions. We conclude that cortical colonisation and formation of arbuscules or arbusculate hyphal coils is not an absolute prerequisite for P transfer in this symbiosis.

ANALYSIS OF CAMBIUM AND DIFFERENTIATING VESSEL ELEMENTS IN KALOPANAX PICTUS USING RESIN CAST REPLICAS

IAWA Journal ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kitin ◽  
Yuzou Sano ◽  
Ryo Funada
Keyword(s):  
Organic Material ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Acidic Solutions ◽  
Kalopanax Pictus ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Perforation Plates

A resin-casting method with subsequent scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the three-dimensional (3-D) shapes of cells and the cell walls of cambium and differentiating xylem. Glutaraldehyde- fixed and dehydrated specimens were embedded in polystyrene and then organic material was removed by digestion with acidic solutions or enzymes. The acidic solutions used for treatment were sulphuric acid and a mixture of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide and the enzymes used for treatment were pectinase and cellulase, with a final treatment with sodium hypochlorite. Both methods could be used for studies of the differentiation of cambial cells; however, digestion with enzymes allowed better preservation of the 3-D organisation of the tissue. Negative replicas of inner surfaces of cell walls of differentiating vessel elements revealed the sequential stages of the development of bordered pits and perforation plates. Future bordered pits at the early stages of the differentiation of cell walls were demarcated by the accumulation of organic material between adjacent pit membranes. Subsequent deposition of cell wall material resulted in formation of pit cavities and the rims of perforation plates.

SEM Studies on Vessels in Ferns. 8. Platyzoma

1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherwin Carlquist ◽  
Edward L. Schneider ◽  
Kevin F. Kenneally
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Perforation Plate ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Scanning Electron

Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vessels are demonstrated for roots and rhizomes of Platyzoma microphyllum R.Br. Because vessels are not in simple linear series, but have tips in contact with tips of other vessels, vessel elements may have several end walls, and each of these can bear a perforation plate. Vessels in roots are narrow, but have wide perforations. In rhizomes, perforation plates have a wide range of morphology. The most notable of these involves displacement and, frequently, fusion of adjacent bars of secondary wall material, so that large perforations tend to alternate with narrow perforations or with two or three fused bars. Porose pit membranes are present in narrower perforations. The presence of wide perforations achieved by means of bar displacement characterises not merely Platyzoma, but other ferns as well: Microgramma and Phlebodium. These three genera of ferns experience marked fluctuation in water availability, so that not only are vessels of potential value for rapid conduction during brief periods of water availability, but the presence of perforation plates conducive to such rapid conduction is of theoretical selective advantage as well. Stelar fibres that bear crystals on external surfaces of walls are reported for roots of Platyzoma. Such fibres have not been reported hitherto for ferns.

Perforation Plate Strucrure in Comptonia Peregrina (Myricaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Structural Variation ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Perforation Plate ◽  
Plate Structure ◽  
Developmental Factors ◽  
Sequential Development ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Perforation Plates

The sequential development of vessel elements in the primary and secondary xylem of Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. was studied. Scalariform, transitional, simple and scalaroid perforation plates were common in this species. The structural variation of these plates was interpreted on the basis of some developmental factors such as: I) width of the ceJl face and the distance between helical gyres; 2) type and distribution of secondary wall material in the form of strand, sheet or both; 3) localised and differential deposition of wall material and bar breakdown. These factors may work alone or in combination to determine the perforation plate structure.

A light and electron microscope study of the fungal endophytes in the sporophyte and gametophyte of Lycopodium cernuum with observations on the gametophyte–sporophyte junction

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey G. Duckett ◽  
Roberto Ligrone
Keyword(s):  
Root Nodules ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Host Cytoplasm ◽  
Fungal Associations

The ventral epidermal cells of the photosynthetic, surface-living gametophytes of Lycopodium cernuum, collected from moist shaded banks in Peninsular Malaysia, contain an aseptate fungus. In some cells the hyphae are thick walled and form coils encapsulated by a thin layer of host wall material. In others the fungus is thin walled and shows limited differentiation into larger trunk hyphae and arbuscules. The adjacent host cytoplasm, separated from the fungus by a granular interfacial matrix, contains numerous chloroplasts, mitochondria, and microtubules. The hyphae contact the substratum via the ventral walls of the epidermal cells and the rhizoids are free from infection. In the protocorm and root nodules, aseptate hyphae initially colonize mucilage-filled schizogenous intercellular spaces. Subsequent invasion of the host cells is associated with the development of massive overgrowths of host wall material. The fungal associations in L. cernuum share a mixture of attributes otherwise found in different angiosperm mycorrhizae and in mycotrophic relationships in liverworts. Wall ingrowths are present in both the gametophyte and sporophyte cells in the placenta of L. cernuum. The very limited development of the placenta, compared with L. appressum, certain bryophytes and ferns, the diminutive size, and early senescence of the gametophytes of L. cernuum are all linked to the presence of the protocorm. This massive absorptive organ, homologous to a foot, in terms of its position in sporophyte ontogeny, but external to the parent gametophyte, derives its nutrition partly from photosynthesis and partly from its fungal endophyte. Key words: chloroplasts, Lycopodium, mycorrhiza, pteridophytes, root nodules, symbiosis, transfer cells.

scholarly journals Anatomia da madeira de Colletia paradoxa (Spreng.) Escalante

1983 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
José Newton Cardoso Marchiori
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Microscopic Anatomy ◽  
Physiological Aspect ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Perforation Plates

This paper deals with the description of general, macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of Colletia paradoxa (Spreng.) Escalante, an aphyllous and xerophilous shrub from Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Pores of very small diameter, very short vessel elements, spiral thickenings and simple perforation plates in vessels, non sptate libriform fibers, scanty paratracheal axial paranchyma, and Heterogeneous II rays were observed in the wood.. Perforated cells are also common in rays. The presence of perforated ray cells and anatomical features of the vessel elements are discussed with respect to eco-physiological aspect of the plant and wood anatomy literature.

scholarly journals An Approach to the study of vessels climber species

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.R. Khandagale ◽  
B.K. Auti
Keyword(s):  
Middle Part ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Specialized Tissue ◽  
Large Perforation ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Soil Interface ◽  
Highly Evolved

The angiosperms are characterized by vessels in wood, and therefore, vessel elements were selected to study them in climber species. Xylem is the specialized tissue that transports water and nutrients from the plant–soil interface to stem and leaves and provides mechanical support and storage. Water is the primary solvent for plant nutrition and metabolism and is essential for photosynthesis, turgor and for transport of minerals, hormones and other molecules. Studies on vessels showed that the characters of vessels can throw some light on the phylogeny of species. The short vessel members with many perforation plates with a single large perforation are most specialized and those that were long with elongate obliquely placed perforation plates with many perforations separated by bars that together give a scalariform appearance are primitive. The degree of specialization of vessel elements can be measured in terms of vessel length, breadth and the number of bars on the end plate of vessels. Vessels show highly evolved and primitive vessel elements. Mostly elongated vessel elements are present in middle region of the stem. During this study the broadest vessels were found in the middle part of the stem of dicots (Clitoria, Daemia and Aristolochia) and root of the monocots (Gloriosa) and the narrowest vessel elements were found in different parts of the species investigated. The present work is supported with line drawings of prepared stained sections, provides a framework of the vessels. This study will be very useful to a wideseries of community, who work with plants.

Studies on the haustorium of Castilleja (Scrophulariaceae). I. The upper haustorium

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 917-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Dobbins ◽  
Job Kuijt
Keyword(s):  
Root Hairs ◽  
Surface Lipid ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Spherical Structure ◽  
Cortical Zone ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Host Tissues

The portion of the Castilleja secondary haustorium external to host tissues was investigated at the light- and electron-microscopic levels. One or more haustoria may be present along a single lateral root; however, primary roots of Castilleja may also have haustoria. A localized development of root hairs usually precedes haustorial formation. The first sign of haustorial formation is the swelling of root cortical cells which gives rise to a nearly spherical structure. Eventually, the haustorial epidermis is obliterated at the contact surface between parasite and host. The upper haustorium has a complex internal structure consisting of several distinct cell zones. The pericycle gives rise to a parenchymatous zone of cells adjacent to the plate xylem. Later, collenchyma differentiates in the center or core of the haustorium and is surrounded by a cortical zone of parenchyma cells. This is the first report of collenchyma tissue in a haustorium of any parasite. Thus, a mature Castilleja haustorium consists of a plate xylem zone, an adjacent parenchymatous zone, a centrally located collenchyma zone, and a peripheral cortical zone. The endophyte is initiated from hypodermal parenchymatous cells located between the collenchyma core and the haustorial surface. Lipid is abundant in the young endophyte and paramural bodies are common in many cells. Strands of vessel members differentiate at random and are sheathed by thin-walled densely cytoplasmic cells. Vessel members occur within the collenchyma zone as well, and frequently contain starch and other coarsely granular materials. No phloem was found in the upper haustorium of Castilleja. The upper haustorium of Castilleja and of other members of the Scrophulariaceae are compared.

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