Graffenrieda emarginata (Melastomataceae) forms mycorrhizas with Glomeromycota and with a member of the Hymenoscyphus ericae aggregate in the organic soil of a neotropical mountain rain forest

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingeborg Haug ◽  
Johanne Lempe ◽  
Jürgen Homeier ◽  
Michael Weiß ◽  
Sabrina Setaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Rain Forest ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Hymenoscyphus Ericae ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Southern Ecuador ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Tropical Mountain Rain Forest

Graffenrieda emarginata (Ruiz & Pav.) Triana (Melastomataceae) was found to be the most frequent tree on the nutrient-poor organic soil in a species-rich tropical mountain rain forest of southern Ecuador. Our studies revealed that the rootlets are symbiotically associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and simultaneously form ectomy corrhizas displaying a superficial Hartig net but no hyphal mantle. Molecular phylogeny revealed a multitude of previously unknown glomeromycete sequence types. Ultrastructure of the ectomycorrhiza-forming fungus indicated an ascomycete, and molecular phylogenetic studies identified the fungal symbiont as a new taxon within the Hymenoscy phus ericae (Read) Korf & Kernan aggregate (Ascomycota). The mycorrhizal state of G. emarginata is considered crucial for its competitiveness and abundance in these sites.Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, ectomycorrhiza, Glomeromycota, Hymenoscyphus ericae aggregate, neotropical mountain rain forest, Ecuador.

scholarly journals Oldest cingulate skulls provide congruence between morphological and molecular scenarios of armadillo evolution

2011 ◽  
Vol 278 (1719) ◽  
pp. 2791-2797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Billet ◽  
Lionel Hautier ◽  
Christian de Muizon ◽  
Xavier Valentin
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Typical Case ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Late Oligocene ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Early Neogene ◽  
Group A

The cingulates of the mammalian order Xenarthra present a typical case of disagreement between molecular and morphological phylogenetic studies. We report here the discovery of two new skulls from the Late Oligocene Salla Beds of Bolivia (approx. 26 Ma), which are the oldest known well-preserved cranial remains of the group. A new taxon is described: Kuntinaru boliviensis gen. et sp. nov. A phylogenetic analysis clusters K. boliviensis together with the armadillo subfamily Tolypeutinae. These skulls document an early spotty occurrence for the Tolypeutinae at 26 Ma, in agreement with the temporal predictions of previous molecular studies. The fossil record of tolypeutines is now characterized by a unique occurrence in the Late Oligocene, and a subsequent 12 Myr lack in the fossil record. It is noteworthy that the tolypeutines remain decidedly marginal in the Late Palaeogene and Early Neogene deposits, whereas other cingulate groups diversify. Also, the anatomical phylogenetic analysis herein, which includes K. boliviensis , is congruent with recent molecular phylogenetic analyses. Kuntinaru boliviensis is the oldest confident calibration point available for the whole Cingulata.

scholarly journals Growth Traits and the Trade-Offs for Tree Species with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in a Tropical Rain Forest Edge at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico

2015 ◽  
Vol 05 (02) ◽  
pp. 181-194
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Peña-Becerril ◽  
Javier Álvarez-Sánchez ◽  
Guadalupe Barajas-Guzmán ◽  
Ana María Quiroz-Ayala
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Rain Forest ◽  
Tropical Rain Forest ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Los Tuxtlas ◽  
Trade Offs

scholarly journals Atmospheric salt deposition in a tropical mountain rain forest at the eastern Andean slopes of South Ecuador – Pacific or Atlantic origin?

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (19) ◽  
pp. 27177-27218
Author(s):  
S. Makowski Giannoni ◽  
K. Trachte ◽  
R. Rollenbeck ◽  
L. Lehnert ◽  
J. Fuchs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Salt Transport ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Salt Deposition ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Tropical Mountain ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Southern Ecuador ◽  
Tropical Mountain Rain Forest

Abstract. Salt (NaCl) is recently proven to be of highest importance for ecosystem functioning of the Amazon lowland forests because of its importance for herbivory, litter decomposition and thus, carbon cycling. Salt deposition should generally decline with distance from its marine sources. For tropical South America, a negative east-west salt availability gradient is assumed in the Amazon as a consequence of the barrier effect of the Andes for Pacific air masses. However, this generalized pattern may not hold for the tropical mountain rain forest in the Andes of southern Ecuador. To analyze salt availability, we investigate the deposition of Na+ and Cl- which are good proxies of sea spray aerosol. Because of the complexity of the terrain and related cloud and rain formation processes, salt deposition was analyzed from both, rain and occult precipitation (OP) water along an altitudinal gradient over a period from 2004 to 2009. To assess the influence of Atlantic and Pacific air masses on the locally observed deposition of sodium and chloride, sea-salt aerosol concentration data from the Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC) reanalysis dataset and back-trajectory statistical methods were combined. Our results based on deposition time series and 2192 generated trajectories show a clear difference in the temporal variation of sodium and chloride concentration due to height and exposure to winds. The sea-salt transport was highly seasonal where higher locations revealed a stronger seasonality. Although the influence of the easterlies were predominant regarding atmospheric circulation, the statistical analysis of trajectories and hybrid receptor models revealed a stronger impact of the Pacific sea-salt sources on the deposition at the study area. The highest concentration in rain and cloud water was found between September and February originating from both, the equatorial Pacific and Atlantic. However, the Pacific sources contributed with up to 25 % to the observed total concentration of Na+ and Cl- at the receptor site although the frequency of occurrence of the respective trajectories is below 10 %. This highlights the great importance of westerly winds from the Pacific for the sea-salt transport to the deposition into the tropical mountain forests at the eastern Andean slopes of southern Ecuador.

scholarly journals Niltavinae, a new taxon of Old World flycatchers (Aves: Muscicapidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4196 (3) ◽  
pp. 428
Author(s):  
GEORGE SANGSTER ◽  
PER ALSTRÖM ◽  
EMMA FORSMARK ◽  
URBAN OLSSON
Keyword(s):  
Ornithine Decarboxylase ◽  
Base Pair ◽  
Online Version ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Nomen Nudum ◽  
Supplementary Data ◽  
Old World ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
The Family ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

The relationships among Old World chats and flycatchers (Muscicapidae) have recently been clarified in two independent molecular phylogenetic studies (Sangster et al. 2010, Zuccon & Ericson 2010). Both studies recovered a well-supported clade of predominantly blue flycatchers of the genera Niltava, Cyornis, Eumyias and Cyanoptila, some species traditionally included in the genus Rhinomyias and one species traditionally included in Ficedula (F. monileger). The family-group name Niltavinae Sangster, Alström, Forsmark & Olsson, 2010, was introduced for this clade (Sangster et al. 2010). Unfortunately, our description of the new taxon Niltavinae did not include a diagnosis (sensu ICZN article 13.1.1) and thus inadvertently made this name unavailable for nomenclatural purposes (Zuccon 2011). The supplementary data associated with our original paper included evidence by which the taxon Niltavinae can be diagnosed: a 1 base pair (bp) deletion in the ornithine decarboxylase gene, as shown in Figure S1 in the online version (doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008), but this was not mentioned in the printed version of our paper. Given that Niltavinae Sangster, Alström, Forsmark & Olsson, 2010 represents a nomen nudum, and the clade for which this name was intended thus remains unnamed, we here provide the following description:

scholarly journals Effectiveness of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi use in the cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) seedlings growth

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
William Viera ◽  
Diego Campaña ◽  
Salomé Castro ◽  
Wilson Vásquez ◽  
Pablo Viteri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Sorghum Vulgare ◽  
Annona Cherimola ◽  
Southern Ecuador ◽  
Trap Plants ◽  
Northern Peru ◽  
Poor Fertilization

Cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) is native to the inter-Andean valleys of southern Ecuador and northern Peru. In Ecuador, the yield of this fruit crop is low, mainly due to agricultural management problems and poor fertilization. This research aims to assess the effect of native mycorrhizal fungi on seedling growth of cherimoya (cultivar 'Cangahua'). Sampling of soil and roots was carried out in 14 production sites of cherimoya. Soils that obtained the largest number of spores and greatest percentage of mycorrhizal colonization were those collected in Tumbabiro (plot 10), Gonzanamá, Paute and San Francisco de Atahualpa. These soils were used to propagate the inoculums in trap plants (Sorghum vulgare) and subsequently, they were used to inoculate the seeds and seedlings of cherimoya. There was no statistical difference to jointly analyze the results obtained in the inoculated seeds and seedlings. However, independently, the inoculum coming from the soil of Tumbabiro obtained the best results by doubling the content of total phosphorus and 47% increase in dry matter in cherimoya seedlings compared to control.

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