Inflorescence and flower development in wild-type and sid mutant Melilotus alba, white sweetclover

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 732-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M Hirsch ◽  
Rebecca SN Krupp ◽  
Yimei Lin ◽  
Susan S Wang ◽  
Weigang Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Abc Model ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Melilotus Alba ◽  
Secondary Inflorescence

White sweetclover, Melilotus alba Desr. (Fabaceae), produces white, papilionoid flowers on a simple raceme. Individual floral apices originate in the axil of a bract. Each flower consists of five alternating whorls that, from outside to inside, consist of (i) five sepals, (ii) five petals, of which two fuse along their abaxial edges to form the keel, (iii) five antesepalous stamens, (iv) five antepetalous stamens with shorter filaments, and (v) a single carpel containing two to four ovules. The development of the wild-type sweetclover inflorescence and flowers is described in detail and compared with a mutant in which secondary inflorescences, instead of individual flowers, developed in axils of the bracts, especially at the base of the inflorescence. This white sweetclover mutant, designated sid for "secondary inflorescence development", might serve as a test of the ABC model of floral development, which was based on the model plants Antirrhinum and Arabidopsis.Key words: white sweetclover, inflorescence, flower, development, sid mutant.

scholarly journals Flower morphology, floral development and insect visitors to flowers of Nepenthes mirabilis

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1624-1631
Author(s):  
TRI HANDAYANI
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Flower Morphology ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Flowering Pattern ◽  
Pitcher Plant ◽  
Open Flower ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Insect Visitors

Handayani T. 2017. Flower morphology, floral development and insect visitors to flowers of Nepenthes mirabilis. Biodiversitas 18: 1624-1631. Nepenthes mirabilis Druce is a commercial ornamental pitcher plant belonging to the Nepenthaceae. This species is often used as a parent plant in artificial crossbreeding. The plant is also used in traditional medicine, rope-making, handicraft, and bouquets. Flower development and pollen maturity are important factors in pitcher plant crossbreeding. However, information about its flowering is still lacking. This study aimed to record the flower morphology, flower development, and faunal visitors to male inflorescences of N. mirabilis planted in Bogor Botanic Gardens, West Java, Indonesia. Twelve racemes of flowers were taken as a sample for observing the process of inflorescence development, while ten flowers on each raceme were observed for investigating the flowering pattern of individual flowers. The morphology of flowers, the process of inflorescence development, the flowering pattern for individual flowers, the number of open flowers, the longevity of anthesis, and the appearance of insect (and/or other faunal) visitors to flowers were observed and recorded, using naked eyes, a hand lens, and a camera. Six phases of inflorescence development were identified: inflorescence bud phase, raceme phase, the opening of the raceme-protecting sheath phase, inflorescence-stalk and flowerstalk growth phase, open flower phase and pollen maturity phase. Four phases of flower development were observed: growth of flower bud, the opening of tepals, pollen maturation, and flower senescence. The pattern of anthesis within an inflorescence was acropetal. The number of flowers per raceme was 56 to 163. The peak duration of anthesis of a flower was 11 days (30.7% of flowers). The length of the raceme-stalks was 17-31 cm. The length of the racemes was 23-38 cm. The most common visitors to the flowers were stingless bees, Trigona apicalis.

scholarly journals The ABC model of floral development

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (17) ◽  
pp. R887-R890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian Irish
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Abc Model

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal Dynamics of the Patterning of Arabidopsis Flower Meristem

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Díaz ◽  
Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Positional Information ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Abc Model ◽  
Flower Meristem ◽  
Spatio Temporal

AbstractThe qualitative model presented in this work recovers the onset of the four fields that correspond to those of each floral organ whorl of Arabidopsis flower, suggesting a mechanism for the generation of the positional information required for the differential expression of the A, B and C identity genes according to the ABC model for organ determination during early stages of flower development. Our model integrates a previous model for the emergence of WUS pattern in the apical meristem, and shows that this pre-pattern is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the posterior information of the four fields predicted by the ABC model. Furthermore, our model predicts that LFY diffusion along the L1 layer of cells is not a necessary condition for the patterning of the floral meristem.

Characterisation of three shoot apical meristem mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Ottoline Leyser ◽  
I. J. Furner
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Apical Meristem ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Recessive Mutations ◽  
Phenotypic Characterisation ◽  
Dicotyledonous Plants ◽  
And Function

The shoot apical meristem of dicotyledonous plants is highly regulated both structurally and functionally, but little is known about the mechanisms involved in this regulation. Here we describe the genetic and phenotypic characterisation of recessive mutations at three loci of Arabidopsis thaliana in which meristem structure and function are disrupted. The loci are Clavata1 (Clv1), Fasciata1 (Fas1) and Fasciata2 (Fas2). Plants mutant at these loci are fasciated having broad, flat stems and disrupted phyllotaxy. In all cases, the fasciations are associated with shoot apical meristem enlargement and altered floral development. While all the mutants share some phenotypic features they can be divided into two classes. The pleiotropic fas1 and fas2 mutants are unable to initiate wild- type organs, show major alterations in meristem structure and have reduced root growth. In contrast, clv1 mutant plants show near wild-type organ phenotypes, more subtle changes in shoot apical meristem structure and wild-type root growth.

scholarly journals tasiRNA-ARF Pathway Moderates Floral Architecture inArabidopsisPlants Subjected to Drought Stress

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiro Matsui ◽  
Kayoko Mizunashi ◽  
Maho Tanaka ◽  
Eli Kaminuma ◽  
Anh Hai Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Auxin Response ◽  
Sequencing Technology ◽  
High Salinity Stress

In plants, miRNAs and siRNAs, such as transacting siRNAs (ta-siRNAs), affect their targets through distinct regulatory mechanisms. In this study, the expression profiles of small RNAs (smRNAs) inArabidopsisplants subjected to drought, cold, and high-salinity stress were analyzed using 454 DNA sequencing technology. Expression of three groups of ta-siRNAs (TAS1, TAS2, and TAS3) and their precursors was downregulated inArabidopsisplants subjected to drought and high-salinity stress. Analysis of ta-siRNA synthesis mutants and mutatedARF3-overexpressing plants that escape the tasiRNA-ARF target indicated that self-pollination was hampered by short stamens in plants under drought and high-salinity stress. Microarray analysis of flower buds ofrdr6and wild-type plants under drought stress and nonstressed conditions revealed that expression of floral development- and auxin response-related genes was affected by drought stress and by theRDR6mutation. The overall results of the present study indicated that tasiRNA-ARF is involved in maintaining the normal morphogenesis of flowers in plants under stress conditions through fine-tuning expression changes of floral development-related and auxin response-related genes.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Identification of Floral Transition and Development-Associated Genes in Styrax japonicus

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Wei Li ◽  
Zhengzhao Xu ◽  
Cuiping Zhang ◽  
Xinqiang Jiang ◽  
Kuiling Wang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Cdna Libraries ◽  
Expression Data ◽  
Kegg Database ◽  
Pathway Enrichment ◽  
Gene Expression Dynamics

Styrax japonicus (S. japonicus) is an important flowering tree species in temperate regions, and it is regarded as a nectariferous plant. However, there have been few studies to date analyzing floral development in this species. In order to understand gene expression dynamics during S. japonicus flower development, we; therefore, prepared cDNA libraries from three distinct stages of S. japonicus. Illumina sequencing generated 31,471 differentially expressed unigenes during flower development. We additionally conducted pathway enrichment analyses using the GO and KEGG database in order to assess the functions of genes differentially expressed during different stages of the floral development process, revealing these genes to be associated with pathways including phytohormone signaling, Transcription factor, protein kinase, and circadian rhythms. In total, 4828 TF genes, 8402 protein kinase genes, and 78 DEGs related to hormone pathways were identified in flower development stages. Six genes were selected for confirmation of expression levels using quantitative real-time PCR. The gene expression data presented herein represent the most comprehensive dataset available regarding the flowering of S. japonicus, thus offering a reference for future studies of the flowering of this and other Styracaceae species.

scholarly journals Ppd-H1 integrates drought stress signals to control spike development and flowering time in barley

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard Gol ◽  
Einar B Haraldsson ◽  
Maria von Korff
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Introgression Lines ◽  
Photoperiod Response ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Spike Development ◽  
Stress Signals

Abstract Drought impairs growth and spike development, and is therefore a major cause of yield losses in the temperate cereals barley and wheat. Here, we show that the photoperiod response gene PHOTOPERIOD-H1 (Ppd-H1) interacts with drought stress signals to modulate spike development. We tested the effects of a continuous mild and a transient severe drought stress on developmental timing and spike development in spring barley cultivars with a natural mutation in ppd-H1 and derived introgression lines carrying the wild-type Ppd-H1 allele from wild barley. Mild drought reduced the spikelet number and delayed floral development in spring cultivars but not in the introgression lines with a wild-type Ppd-H1 allele. Similarly, drought-triggered reductions in plant height, and tiller and spike number were more pronounced in the parental lines compared with the introgression lines. Transient severe stress halted growth and floral development; upon rewatering, introgression lines, but not the spring cultivars, accelerated development so that control and stressed plants flowered almost simultaneously. These genetic differences in development were correlated with a differential down-regulation of the flowering promotors FLOWERING LOCUS T1 and the BARLEY MADS-box genes BM3 and BM8. Our findings therefore demonstrate that Ppd-H1 affects developmental plasticity in response to drought in barley.

scholarly journals Auxin Response Dynamics During Wild-Type and entire Flower Development in Tomato

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (10) ◽  
pp. 1661-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiri Goldental-Cohen ◽  
Alon Israeli ◽  
Naomi Ori ◽  
Hagai Yasuor
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Auxin Response ◽  
Response Dynamics
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