Lateral root development in a woody plant, Quercus suber L. (cork oak)

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (9) ◽  
pp. 1125-1135
Author(s):  
Dolors Verdaguer ◽  
Pedro J Casero ◽  
Marisa Molinas
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Meristem ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Quercus Suber ◽  
Cork Oak ◽  
Vascular Connection ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root Primordium ◽  
Root Primordium

The distribution and the ontogenesis of lateral roots have been investigated in the Mediterranean woody species Quercus suber L. (cork oak). Lateral roots arose in protoxylem-based ranks and a tendency to clumping was observed. Three stages are distinguished in lateral root primordium development. Lateral root primordia are derived mainly from pericycle cells. The endodermis contributed to the initial lateral root development, forming an endodermal cover that sloughs off with lateral root emergence. The unemerged lateral roots show an incipient layered root meristem; this meristem can be classified as a closed type meristem. Primary vascular connection takes place with the xylem strand opposite the lateral root primordium and the two adjacent phloem strands. Primary vascular connector elements are derived from pericyclic derivative cells. Vascular parenchyma cells contribute mainly in the development of the cambium and the subsequent secondary xylem and phloem connector elements. The secondary vascular elements of the lateral root and parent root differentiate in continuity. Vascular connection is discussed in relation to the root vascular plexus described in monocotyledonous and in some herbaceous dicotyledonous plants. An endodermis with suberized lamellae is continuous between the lateral and parent root in emerged lateral roots.Key words: lateral root, development pattern, apical lateral root meristem, root vascular connection, Quercus suber L.

Lateral root initiation in Marsilea quadrifolia. I. Origin and histogenesis of lateral roots

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bai-Ling Lin ◽  
V. Raghavan
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Central Axis ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Vascular Connection ◽  
Lateral Root Initiation ◽  
Marsilea Quadrifolia ◽  
Lateral Root Primordium ◽  
Root Primordium

In Marsilea quadrifolia, lateral roots arise from modified single cells of the endodermis located opposite the protoxylem poles within the meristematic region of the parent root. The initial cell divides in four specific planes to establish a fivecelled lateral root primordium, with a tetrahedral apical cell in the centre and the oldest merophytes and the root cap along the sides. The cells of the merophyte divide in a precise pattern to give rise to the cells of the cortex, endodermis, pericycle, and vascular tissues of the emerging lateral root. Although the construction of the parent root is more complicated than that of lateral roots, patterns of cell division and tissue formation are similar in both types of roots, with the various tissues being arranged in similar positions in relation to the central axis. Vascular connection between the lateral root primordium and the parent root is derived from the pericycle cells lying between the former and the protoxylem members of the latter. It is proposed that the central axis of the root is not only a geometric centre, but also a physiological centre which determines the fate of the different cell types. Key words: lateral root initiation, Marsilea quadrifolia, root histogenesis.

Lateral root development in a woody plant, Quercus suber L. (cork oak)

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (9) ◽  
pp. 1125-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dolors Verdaguer ◽  
Pedro J. Casero ◽  
Marisa Molinas
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Quercus Suber ◽  
Cork Oak ◽  
Lateral Root Development

scholarly journals Auxin signaling modulates LATERAL ROOT PRIMORDIUM 1 ( LRP 1 ) expression during lateral root development in Arabidopsis

2019 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharmila Singh ◽  
Sandeep Yadav ◽  
Alka Singh ◽  
Mahima Mahima ◽  
Archita Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root Primordium ◽  
Root Primordium

Lateral root formation and nutrients: nitrogen in the spotlight

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Mathieu Pélissier ◽  
Hans Motte ◽  
Tom Beeckman
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Lateral Root Formation ◽  
Lateral Root Development

Abstract Lateral roots are important to forage for nutrients due to their ability to increase the uptake area of a root system. Hence, it comes as no surprise that lateral root formation is affected by nutrients or nutrient starvation, and as such contributes to the root system plasticity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating root adaptation dynamics towards nutrient availability is useful to optimize plant nutrient use efficiency. There is at present a profound, though still evolving, knowledge on lateral root pathways. Here, we aimed to review the intersection with nutrient signaling pathways to give an update on the regulation of lateral root development by nutrients, with a particular focus on nitrogen. Remarkably, it is for most nutrients not clear how lateral root formation is controlled. Only for nitrogen, one of the most dominant nutrients in the control of lateral root formation, the crosstalk with multiple key signals determining lateral root development is clearly shown. In this update, we first present a general overview of the current knowledge of how nutrients affect lateral root formation, followed by a deeper discussion on how nitrogen signaling pathways act on different lateral root-mediating mechanisms for which multiple recent studies yield insights.

OPR3 is expressed in phloem cells and is vital for lateral root development in Arabidopsis

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuaizhang Li ◽  
Jiajia Ma ◽  
Pei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Gus Activity ◽  
Auxin Biosynthesis ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Meja Treatment ◽  
Potential Binding ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Li, S., Ma, J. and Liu, P. 2013. OPR3 is expressed in phloem cells and is vital for lateral root development in Arabidopsis. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 165–170. Jasmonates, a group of oxylipin phytohormones in angiosperms, play important roles in regulating plant growth and development and in responding to environmental stimuli. AtOPR3, a 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) reductase in Arabidopsis thaliana, has been proven to be vital in catalyzing jasmonate biosynthesis. Here, the temporal and spatial expression of AtOPR3 was investigated by promoter-GUS fusion in A. thaliana. In pOPR3::GUS transgenic plants, the GUS activity was detected in roots, leaves and all floral organs, and was highly induced by MeJA treatment. In addition, the GUS activity was principally detected in the phloem cells of the leaf veins. The sequence of the OPR3 promoter region was predicted to have 49 potential binding sites for transcription factors including the well-known Myc-like basic helix-loop-helix, GATA, MADS, MYB-like and Homeobox proteins. In consistent with an expression of OPR3 in lateral roots, there are more lateral roots in the opr3 mutant plants, in which OPR3 expression is knocking-out. In addition, the involvement of auxin biosynthesis in JA-regulated lateral root development is implied by our observation that the transcripts of ASA1, a gene involved in auxin biosynthesis, are decreased in opr3 plants.

scholarly journals Development of Root Architecture in Thirty-seven Tree Species of Field Grown Nursery Stock1

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 143-148
Author(s):  
G. W. Watson ◽  
A.M. Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
One Year

Abstract The number and size of lateral roots of a tree seedling can be evaluated visually, and could potentially be used to select plants with better root systems early in nursery production. To evaluate how root architecture develops in young trees, root architecture of 37 species of trees was compared at two stages of development: as harvested seedlings, and then one year after replanting. The total number of lateral roots and the number of roots >2mm (0.08 in) diameter that were present on the portion of the taproot remaining on seedlings after standard root pruning were recorded. Neither could consistently predict the number of lateral roots on the root system one year after replanting. Development of roots (sum of diameters) regenerated from the cut end of the seedling taproot was equal or greater than lateral root development in 84 percent of evaluated species. Even when regenerated root development was significantly less than lateral root development, the regenerated roots still comprised up to 44 percent of the root system. Regenerated roots from the cut end of the taproot can become a major component of the architecture of the structural root system in nursery stock. Index words: structural roots, nursery production, root regeneration. Species used in this study: European black alder (Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), European white birch. (Betula pendula Roth), river birch (Betula nigra L.), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), northern catalpa (Catalpa speciosa (Warder) Warder ex Engelm.), Mazzard cherry [Prunus avium [L.) L.], chokecherry (Prunus virginiana L.), American elm (Ulmus americana L.), Siberian elm (Ulmus pumilia L.), goldenchain tree (Laburnum anagyroides Medik.), northern hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.), Cockspur hawthorn (Crateagus crus-galli L.), single seed hawthorn (Crateagus monogyna Jacq.), honeylocust (Gleditsia tricanthos L.), Japanese pagodatree [Sophora japonica (L.) Schott], Katsura tree (Cercidiphyllum japonicum Siebold & Zucc.), Kentucky coffee tree [Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch], littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata Mill.), boxelder (Acer negundo L.), hedge maple (Acer campestre L.), Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall), sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), English Oak (Quercus robur L.), northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), Siberian peashrub (Caragana arborescens Lam.), American plum (Prunus Americana Marshall ), Myrobalan plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.), redbud (Cercis Canadensis L.), Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifoliaI L.), tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), Japanese zelkova (Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino).

scholarly journals A single cell view of the transcriptome during lateral root initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hardik P. Gala ◽  
Amy Lanctot ◽  
Ken Jean-Baptiste ◽  
Sarah Guiziou ◽  
Jonah C. Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Lateral Root Primordia ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root Initiation ◽  
Molecular Events

AbstractRoot architecture is a major determinant of fitness, and is under constant modification in response to favorable and unfavorable environmental stimuli. Beyond impacts on the primary root, the environment can alter the position, spacing, density and length of secondary or lateral roots. Lateral root development is among the best-studied examples of plant organogenesis, yet there are still many unanswered questions about its earliest steps. Among the challenges faced in capturing these first molecular events is the fact that this process occurs in a small number of cells with unpredictable timing. Single-cell sequencing methods afford the opportunity to isolate the specific transcriptional changes occurring in cells undergoing this fate transition. Using this approach, we successfully captured the transcriptomes of initiating lateral root primordia, and discovered many previously unreported upregulated genes associated with this process. We developed a method to selectively repress target gene transcription in the xylem pole pericycle cells where lateral roots originate, and demonstrated that expression of several of these targets was required for normal root development. We also discovered novel subpopulations of cells in the pericycle and endodermal cell files that respond to lateral root initiation, highlighting the coordination across cell files required for this fate transition.One sentence summarySingle cell RNA sequencing reveals new molecular details about lateral root initiation, including the transcriptional impacts of the primordia on bordering cells.

scholarly journals Oak Taproot Growth Disruption Differentially Impacts Root Architecture during Nursery Production

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 798
Author(s):  
Shanon Hankin ◽  
Gary Watson
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Root Regeneration ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Growth Disruption ◽  
Taproot Pruning

For urban trees with strong taproots, a shift in root growth towards increased lateral root development could improve tree performance in compacted, poorly drained urban soils. In effort to achieve this desired shift, various propagation and production practices exist within the nursery industry. However, the effectiveness of practices used to disrupt taproot development, as well as their impact on root architecture, has been largely undocumented. To determine how seedling root systems respond to taproot growth disruption, we pruned oak seedling taproots either mechanically at 5 and/or 15 cm, or via air pruning at 15 cm. Taproot regeneration and lateral root development were evaluated after two years. Taproot pruning resulted in multiple regenerated taproots. The location and number of times the taproot(s) was pruned did not appear to alter the ultimate number. Mechanical taproot pruning did not affect lateral root development above the first pruning cut location at 5 or 15 cm, but generally increased the density of lateral roots below the pruning cut, likely due to the multiple taproots present. Most lateral roots were fine roots less than 1 mm in diameter (fine roots), being unlikely to become long-lived components of the root system architecture. The average number of lateral roots on air pruned (AP) seedlings was generally greater than on the same taproot segment of control (C) seedlings. To determine how these seedling changes impact the root regeneration of liner stock, we planted both taproot pruned and taproot air pruned seedlings in in-ground fabric bags filled with field soil (B) or directly into the field without bags (F). Root regeneration potential (RRP) at the bottom and lateral surfaces of the root ball were evaluated. There was less RRP on the lateral surface of the root ball in taproot air pruned, container-grown (CG) compared to taproot pruned, bare root (BR) bur oak liners, and there was no difference in red oak liners. The multiple taproots of mechanically pruned BR seedlings did not result in excessive taproot development as liners. In contrast, CG seedling taproots restricted by air pruning produced more regenerated taproots after transplanting. While seedling taproot growth disruption does disrupt the growth of a dominant single taproot and alters the architecture toward increasing the number of lateral roots, these practices do not result in laterally dominated root architecture at the liner stage of nursery production. Future research should determine how these production methods effect lateral root growth after a tree is established in the landscape and determine appropriate combinations of production methods for different species.

Effects of IAA, Kinetin, and Trifluralin on Cotton Seedlings

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghanem S. Hassawy ◽  
K. C. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Lateral Root Development

Trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), IAA (indoleacetic acid), kinetin (6-furfurylamino purine), and their combinations in culture solutions did not affect cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL., var. Deltapine Smooth Leaf) germination but reduced primary root and shoot lengths of seedlings. Trifluralin alone and in combination with IAA or kinetin inhibited lateral root development. When IAA and kinetin were both applied with 5 ppmw trifluralin, lateral roots developed.

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