Bioavailability and toxicokinetics of hydrophobic aromatic compounds in benthic and terrestrial invertebrates

1996 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 276-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Belfroid ◽  
D. T. H. M. Sijm ◽  
C. A. M. Van Gestel
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Equilibrium Partitioning ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Terrestrial Invertebrates ◽  
Sediment Particles ◽  
Equilibrium Partitioning Theory ◽  
Soil And Sediment

Uptake and accumulation of persistent hydrophobic chemicals by benthic and terrestrial invertebrates in water, sediment, and soil depends on the hydrophobicity of the compound (log Kow) and the lipid content of the organism. Several methods exist to determine the route of uptake. Their advantages and drawbacks are discussed. The route of uptake of hydrophobic contaminants is mainly via interstitial water, but for compounds with log Kow > 5 uptake from soil and sediment particles becomes important. In the presence of sediment or soil, the bulk of hydrophobic contaminants is sorbed to sediment/soil particles. Accumulation is, therefore, also controlled by sorption-related factors, such as the organic matter content and composition of sediment/soil, the presence of oil, particle size distribution, and the residence time of the contaminant. Other factors may be clay content and the presence of metals. It is shown that organic matter is the most important factor controlling accumulation in benthic and terrestrial organisms, while residence time of the contaminant and composition of organic matter seem to be of next importance. Also animal behaviour influences uptake and accumulation, such as size of the organism, avoidance of highly contaminated sites, burrowing behaviour, biotransformation, density of the organism population, and bioturbation. The influence of above mentioned factors on the equilibrium partitioning theory and related models for estimating accumulation levels was examined. The omittance of uptake from soil and sediment particles, the normalization on lipid content irrespective of other animal characteristics, biotransformation, organic matter composition, residence time of the contaminant, and the presence of oil are major factors interfering. As a result, a discrepancy between equilibrium partitioning theory estimated and actual accumulation levels of persistent hydrophobic compounds in benthic and terrestrial organisms exist.Key words: hydrophobic chemicals, accumulation, bioavailability, terrestrial organisms, benthic organisms, equilibrium partitioning theory.

scholarly journals Water residence time in the Włocławek dam reservoir (the Vistula river, Poland) affects its macrozoobenthos structure

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Daria Mimier ◽  
Elżbieta Żbikowska ◽  
Janusz Żbikowski
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Bottom Fauna ◽  
Water Residence Time ◽  
Dam Reservoir ◽  
Vistula River ◽  
Chironomidae Larvae ◽  
Potamothrix Hammoniensis

The aim of our study was to compare the macrozoobenthos structure as well as water and organic matter content of the bottom sediments of two hydrologically different zones of a strongly fluvial the Włocławek Dam Reservoir. Samples were collected from the Włocławek Dam Resevoir at six sites. Three of them were located in the upper, rheolimnic part (URP) of the reservoir and three others in its lower, limnetic part (LLP). Water transparency, sediment water content and organic matter content in the sediments were higher in the LLP. The higher number of taxa and diversity of macrozoobenthos were found in the URP of the reservoir. The density of bottom fauna was slightly higher in the LLP (90,990 ind. m−2) than in the UPR (73,486 ind.  m−2), while the significantly higher biomass of macrozoobenthos was found in the URP of the reservoir (2314 g · m−2) than in the LLP (336 g · m−2). The dominant taxa of Oligochaeta and Chironomidae larvae did not show significant differences in the density between both zones. Some taxa were found only in the URP. In this zone, significantly higher densities of other taxa were observed. The only species with greater abundance in the LLP was Potamothrix hammoniensis (Oligochaeta). Due to the very short water residence time, the differences in the parameters under study between the URP and the LLP of the reservoir were smaller as well as the abundance of the macrozoobenthos was distinctly higher than in other reservoirs.

scholarly journals Comparative Chemical Characterisation of Soils at Cypripedium Calceolus Sites in Latvia

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
Dace Kļaviņa ◽  
Anita Osvalde
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cypripedium Calceolus

Abstract The main aim of the study was to evaluate the soil chemical characteristics of Cypripedium calceolus sites in Latvia for understanding of the species ecology, and its conservation problems and possibilities. Soil for 27 C. calceolus sites in Latvia was analysed during 2007-2015. The concentration of plant available essential nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, B), soil pH, electrical conductivity and concentration of organic matter were determined. Nutrient concentration of C. calceolus leaf samples from six sites were determined. The results demonstrated high heterogeneity in soil chemical composition with high variation for Ca, Mg, and Mn. The results suggest some relationship between soil organic matter content and size of the orchid population. Soil pH and Ca concentration did not affect the size and vitality of C. calceolus populations in Latvia. There was no significant correlation between nutrient concentration in soil and C. calceolus leaves suggesting strong impact of other soil-related factors in determining the availability of nutrients. In general, the levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations in C. calceolus leaves were adequate or slightly decreased for successful orchid growth. The study showed deficiency of S, Cu, and B in the vast majority of leaf samples. C. calceolus sites in Latvia occur mainly on organic soils or mineral soils with high content of organic matter. There was a weak positive correlation (r = 0.21) observed only between total number of ramets of C. calceolus in site and Ca concentration in the soil, suggesting that soil properties are not a main factor affecting species abundance in the site.

HEAVY METAL SPECIATION IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE VYSHNEVOLOTSKY RESERVOIR

2018 ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
O. A. Lipatnikova
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Metal Speciation ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Heavy Metal Speciation ◽  
Mobile Forms ◽  
Manganese Hydroxides

The study of heavy metal speciation in bottom sediments of the Vyshnevolotsky water reservoir is presented in this paper. Sequential selective procedure was used to determine the heavy metal speciation in bottom sediments and thermodynamic calculation — to determine ones in interstitial water. It has been shown that Mn are mainly presented in exchangeable and carbonate forms; for Fe, Zn, Pb и Co the forms are related to iron and manganese hydroxides is played an important role; and Cu and Ni are mainly associated with organic matter. In interstitial waters the main forms of heavy metal speciation are free ions for Zn, Ni, Co and Cd, carbonate complexes for Pb, fulvate complexes for Cu. Effects of particle size and organic matter content in sediments on distribution of mobile and potentially mobile forms of toxic elements have been revealed.

Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil Collected from Chandrabhaga River in Kalmeshwar, Nagpur, Maharashtra

2020 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Amita M Watkar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Attributes ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Agricultural Land Management ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Soil, itself means Soul of Infinite Life. Soil is the naturally occurring unconsolidated or loose covering on the earth’s surface. Physical properties depend upon the amount, size, shape, arrangement, and mineral composition of soil particles. It also depends on the organic matter content and pore spaces. Chemical properties depend on the Inorganic and organic matter present in the soil. Soils are the essential components of the environment and foundation resources for nearly all types of land use, besides being the most important component of sustainable agriculture. Therefore, assessment of soil quality and its direction of change with time is an ideal and primary indicator of sustainable agricultural land management. Soil quality indicators refer to measurable soil attributes that influence the capacity of a soil to function, within the limits imposed by the ecosystem, to preserve biological productivity and environmental quality and promote plant, animal and human health. The present study is to assess these soil attributes such as physical and chemical properties season-wise.

Behaviour of the fecal pollution indicators in a soil irrigated with treated wastewater under onsurface and subsurface drip irrigation

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 75-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Campos ◽  
G. Oron ◽  
M. Salgot ◽  
L. Gillerman
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Fecal Pollution ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Pollution Indicators ◽  
Subsurface Drip

A critical objective for any wastewater reuse programme is to minimise health and environmental hazard. When applying wastewater to soil–plant systems, it is to be noted that the passage of water through the soil considerably reduces the number of microorganisms carried by the reclaimed wastewater. Factors that affect survival include number and type of microorganisms, soil organic matter content, temperature, moisture, pH, rainfall, sunlight, protection provided by foliage and antagonism by soil microflora. The purpose of this work was to examine the behaviour of fecal pollution indicators in a soil irrigated with treated wastewater under onsurface and subsurface drip irrigation. The experiment was conducted in a vineyard located at a commercial farm near the City of Arad (Israel). Wastewater and soil samples were monitored during the irrigation period and examined for fecal coliforms, somatic and F+ coliphages and helminth eggs. Physico-chemical parameters were controlled in order to determine their relationship with removal of microorganisms. The results showed high reduction of the concentration of microorganisms when wastewater moves through the soil; and a good correlation between the reduction of fecal pollution indicators and moisture content, organic matter concentration and pH. The application of secondary treated domestic wastewater in this specific soil and under these irrigation systems affect the survival of microorganisms, thus reducing the health and environmental risk.

TURNOVER OF FLUVIAL PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATTER: THE ROLES OF SEDIMENT RESIDENCE TIME AND MICROBIOTA

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa Repasch ◽  
◽  
Joel Scheingross ◽  
Joel Scheingross ◽  
Carolin Zakrzewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Particulate Organic Matter

scholarly journals Soil nitrogen supply of peat grasslands estimated by degree days and soil organic matter content

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-365
Author(s):  
J. Pijlman ◽  
G. Holshof ◽  
W. van den Berg ◽  
G. H. Ros ◽  
J. W. Erisman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Soil Organic Matter Content ◽  
Soil Nitrogen Supply

scholarly journals Effect of Clay, Soil Organic Matter, and Soil pH on Initial and Residual Weed Control with Flumioxazin

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1326
Author(s):  
Calvin F. Glaspie ◽  
Eric A. L. Jones ◽  
Donald Penner ◽  
John A. Pawlak ◽  
Wesley J. Everman
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Soil Organic Matter Content ◽  
Field Soils

Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of soil organic matter content and soil pH on initial and residual weed control with flumioxazin by planting selected weed species in various lab-made and field soils. Initial control was determined by planting weed seeds into various lab-made and field soils treated with flumioxazin (71 g ha−1). Seeds of Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass), Setaria faberi (giant foxtail), Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed), and Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf) were incorporated into the top 1.3 cm of each soil at a density of 100 seeds per pot, respectively. Emerged plants were counted and removed in both treated and non-treated pots two weeks after planting and each following week for six weeks. Flumioxazin control was evaluated by calculating percent emergence of weeds in treated soils compared to the emergence of weeds in non-treated soils. Clay content was not found to affect initial flumioxazin control of any tested weed species. Control of A. theophrasti, E. crus-galli, and S. faberi was reduced as soil organic matter content increased. The control of A. retroflexus was not affected by organic matter. Soil pH below 6 reduced flumioxazin control of A. theophrasti, and S. faberi but did not affect the control of A. retroflexus and E. crus-galli. Flumioxazin residual control was determined by planting selected weed species in various lab-made and field soils 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after treatment. Eight weeks after treatment, flumioxazin gave 0% control of A. theophrasti and S. faberi in all soils tested. Control of A. retroflexus and Chenopodium album (common lambsquarters) was 100% for the duration of the experiment, except when soil organic matter content was greater than 3% or the soil pH 7. Eight weeks after treatment, 0% control was only observed for common A. retroflexus and C. album in organic soil (soil organic matter > 80%) or when soil pH was above 7. Control of A. theophrasti and S. faberi decreased as soil organic matter content and soil pH increased. Similar results were observed when comparing lab-made soils to field soils; however, differences in control were observed between lab-made organic matter soils and field organic matter soils. Results indicate that flumioxazin can provide control ranging from 75–100% for two to six weeks on common weed species.

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