Solidification–stabilization of organic and inorganic contaminants using portland cement: a literature review

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santanu Paria ◽  
Pak K Yuet
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Contaminated Sites ◽  
Inorganic Contaminants ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Organophilic Clay

The treatment of hazardous wastes using cement-based solidification–stabilization (S–S) is of increasing importance as an option for remediating contaminated sites. Indeed, among the various treatment techniques, S–S is one of the most widely used methods for treating inorganic wastes. To enhance the application of S–S and to further develop this technology for site remediation, particularly for organic contaminants, it is important to have a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the process. The primary objective of this review is to survey the current knowledge in this subject, focusing on (i) cement chemistry, (ii) the effects of inorganic (heavy metals) and organic compounds on cement hydration, and (iii) the mechanisms of immobilization of different organic and inorganic compounds. For heavy metals, cement-based S–S technology has been shown to be effective in immobilizing the contaminants, even without any additives. In applying cement-based S–S for treating organic contaminants, the use of adsorbents such as organophilic clay and activated carbon, either as a pretreatment or as additives in the cement mix, can improve contaminant immobilization in the solidified–stabilized wastes. The concept of degradative solidification–stabilization, which combines chemical degradation with conventional solidification–stabilization, seems promising, although further study is required to assess its technical and economic feasibility.Key words: cement, contaminated soil, immobilization, organics, precipitation, adsorption.

scholarly journals Microbial Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminants: An Overview

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilanjana Das ◽  
Preethy Chandran
Keyword(s):  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbon ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Hydrocarbon Contamination ◽  
Contaminated Sites ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Limited Effectiveness ◽  
Complete Mineralization

One of the major environmental problems today is hydrocarbon contamination resulting from the activities related to the petrochemical industry. Accidental releases of petroleum products are of particular concern in the environment. Hydrocarbon components have been known to belong to the family of carcinogens and neurotoxic organic pollutants. Currently accepted disposal methods of incineration or burial insecure landfills can become prohibitively expensive when amounts of contaminants are large. Mechanical and chemical methods generally used to remove hydrocarbons from contaminated sites have limited effectiveness and can be expensive. Bioremediation is the promising technology for the treatment of these contaminated sites since it is cost-effective and will lead to complete mineralization. Bioremediation functions basically on biodegradation, which may refer to complete mineralization of organic contaminants into carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds, and cell protein or transformation of complex organic contaminants to other simpler organic compounds by biological agents like microorganisms. Many indigenous microorganisms in water and soil are capable of degrading hydrocarbon contaminants. This paper presents an updated overview of petroleum hydrocarbon degradation by microorganisms under different ecosystems.

Geochemical and Mineralogical Assessment of Lime Stabilized Waste From Petroleum Industry in Croatia

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Durn ◽  
Nediljka Gaurina-Međimurec ◽  
Ivan Meandzˇija ◽  
Boris Veronek ◽  
Sanja Mesic´
Keyword(s):  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Inorganic Contaminants ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Leach Test ◽  
Organophilic Clay ◽  
Siliceous Earth

The aim of this study was geochemical and mineralogical assessment of materials from two already closed pits. Total testing and leachate testing (Equilibrium Leach Test and Sequential Leach Test) of topsoil, waste stabilized with lime and underlying rock was performed on composite samples. Analysis of underground water from underlying rock was also accomplished. Major pollutants in stabilized waste from investigated locations differ. High total values of some heavy metals in stabilized waste from one of the investigated locations can probably be attributed to high barite content (mercury, zinc and cadmium) and pipe dope (lead). Mercury, zinc and cadmium are enriched in the organic-sulfide fraction that might indicate they are tied up as sulfide impurities in barite. In distilled water lecheate of stabilized waste from this location higher concentrations of Pb, Hg and TOC were observed. In the stabilized waste from the second location high total values of TPH, PAH and BTEX were detected, while distilled water lecheate is enriched in Hg, AOX, TOC and TPH. This investigation shows that stabilization with lime is not always suitable method for treatment of wastes from petroleum industry, particularly those that are contaminated with both organic and inorganic contaminants. Proper characterization of the waste material to be processed is needed in order to select the most appropriate method of treatment. Our ongoing research study uses different pretreatment techniques and different absorbents (organophilic clay, zeolite, calcined siliceous earth, etc.) to preferentially absorb organic contaminants that can be used before stabilization/solidification.

On the trustability of semi-empirical methods to the calculation of gas phase formation enthalpies of inorganic compounds containing heavy metals: tin borates

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robson de Farias
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Phase Formation ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Formation Enthalpy ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Gas Formation ◽  
Formation Enthalpies ◽  
Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Semi Empirical

<p>In the present work, are calculated the gas formation enthalpies (SE; PM3 and PM6) for tin borates: SnB<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub><sup> </sup>and Sn<sub>2</sub>B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>. The calculated values are compared with experimental ones, obtained by Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry [3]. It is shown that SE methods, besides their lower computational time consuming can, indeed, provide reliable gas phase formation enthalpy values for inorganic compounds containing heavy metals.</p>

scholarly journals Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals: The Unexplored Role of Marine Sessile Taxa

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 580
Author(s):  
Camilla Roveta ◽  
Anna Annibaldi ◽  
Afghan Afghan ◽  
Barbara Calcinai ◽  
Cristina Gioia Di Camillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Anthropogenic Inputs ◽  
Current Review ◽  
European Water ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Sessile Organisms

Coastal areas are known to receive significant anthropogenic inputs, mainly deriving from metropolitan areas, industries, and activities related to tourism. Among these inputs, some trace elements are listed as priority pollutants in the European Water Framework Directive, due to their ability to bioaccumulate in organisms. Many studies have been conducted on heavy metals (HMs) accumulation and on their possible effects on different edible marine species. While the most studied sessile organisms are bivalves, in the current review, we focus our attention on other sessile taxa (sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, polychaetes, cirripeds, and tunicates), proposed as bioindicators in coastal shallow waters. Although their potential as bioindicator tools has been repeatedly highlighted in the literature, these organisms are still poorly investigated and considered for monitoring. In this context, we analyze the available literature about this topic, in order to summarize the current knowledge and identify possible applications of these organisms in a bioremediation scenario.

scholarly journals Comparative chemical investigations of alum treated archaeological wood from various museum collections

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannette Jacqueline Łucejko ◽  
Caitlin M. A. McQueen ◽  
Malin Sahlstedt ◽  
Francesca Modugno ◽  
Maria Perla Colombini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
General Level ◽  
History Museum ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Archaeological Wood ◽  
Alum Treatment ◽  
Swedish History

AbstractFrom the mid-1800s to the late 1960s, conservation by alum salts (KAl(SO4)2·12H2O—potassium aluminium sulphate), using various recipes, was a common method to prevent shrinkage and to strengthen waterlogged archaeological wooden objects. This method was mainly used in Scandinavia. The alum method appears to have also been applied to highly degraded archaeological waterlogged wood in other countries, for example in the U.S and Germany. Today, many of the archaeological wooden objects treated with alum show extreme deterioration and very low pH, which are attributed to the effects of the alum-treatment. This study investigated the extent of the current levels of chemical degradation in wooden objects conserved with alum salts at different points in time (1880s, 1930s and 1905–13) in order to understand their current condition and whether extent of degradation was in any way related to time of treatment, in an attempt to understand the rate of degradation. It was also an opportunity to compare the chemical state of preservation of alum-treated wood from different collections, as only the Oseberg collection has been intensively studied in this way up until now. Samples from historical wooden objects from the following collections were investigated and compared: the Dejbjerg collection (National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen); the Oseberg collection (Museum of Cultural History, Oslo, Norway); the Glimmingehus collection (Swedish History Museum, Sweden). Analyses of lignocellulosic polymers and of inorganic compounds were undertaken to evaluate the chemical preservation of the wooden objects. The investigations were performed using a multi-analytical approach which consisted of: pH measurements, analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). It was possible to link the extent of degradation with time, on a general level but we found a great variability in the state of preservation of the wood also within the same collection. It is clear, however that alum-treated wood is more degraded than archaeological wood not treated with alum.

Urban soil contamination in Australia

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 937 ◽  
Author(s):  
KG Tiller
Keyword(s):  
Soil Contamination ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Medical Research Council ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Contaminated Sites ◽  
Site Evaluation ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Environmental Agencies

The current knowledge of the pollution of Australian urban soils was reviewed with special reference to heavy metals. Increased community concern in recent years has resulted m a major upsurge in the investigation and rehabilitation of contaminated soils. This has led to a concomitant reassessment and development of regulatory procedures, and the establishment of some new environmental agencies. This review considers sources and extent of contamination, and approaches to the establishment of reference background levels in urban and rural areas. Assessment of contaminated sites has been largely based on overseas experience but site specific approaches relevant to Australian soils and climates are needed and are being developed by State authorities in collaboration with the Australian and New Zealand Environmental and Conservation Council and the National Health and Medical Research Council. The need for soil-based research and for standardized soil sampling procedures for site evaluation and action is stressed. Many opportunities exist for soil scientists in solving problems of soil contamination and rehabilitation.

scholarly journals Oral vinorelbine and cisplatin as first-line therapy for advanced squamous NSCLC patients: a prospective randomized international phase II study (NAVoTrial 03)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 175883592110229
Author(s):  
Francesco Grossi ◽  
Piotr Jaśkiewicz ◽  
Marion Ferreira ◽  
Grzegorz Czyżewicz ◽  
Dariusz Kowalski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Ii ◽  
Phase Ii Study ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Comparable Efficacy ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Oral Vinorelbine ◽  
First Line Therapy ◽  
Nsclc Patients

Objective: The study investigated the efficacy and safety of oral vinorelbine-cisplatin (OV-CDDP) and gemcitabine-cisplatin (GEM-CDDP) in patients with squamous non-small cell lung cancer (sq-NSCLC). Patients and methods: This was an open-label, prospective, multicenter, international phase II study that enrolled untreated patients with advanced sq-NSCLC. Patients were randomized to receive 3-week cycles of either 60–80 mg/m2 OV days 1 and 8 in combination with 80 mg/m2 CDDP day 1 (arm A) or 1250 mg/m2 GEM days 1 and 8 in combination with 75 mg/m2 CDDP day 1 (arm B). After four cycles, patients without disease progression continued maintenance dose of OV or GEM until progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary objective was disease control rate (DCR). Secondary objectives included progression-free survival (PFS), time to treatment failure (TTF), overall survival (OS), safety, and quality of life (QoL). Results: A total of 114 patients with sq-NSCLC were randomized, and 113 were treated (57 in arm A and 56 in arm B). DCR was high in both arms: 73.7% (95%CI: 62.4–100.0) in arm A and 75.0% (95%CI: 63.7–100.0) in arm B. Median PFS and TTF were similar in arm A and B 4.2 and 2.8 months, and 4.3 and 3.1 months, respectively. Even though the difference was not significant, the OS was 10.2 for arm A and 8.4 months for arm B. The safety profiles were consistent with the current knowledge of adverse events. QoL results revealed an improvement in patients under OV treatment. Conclusion: The OV-CDDP combination showed comparable efficacy to GEM-CDDP with acceptable safety profile and enhanced patients’ QoL. Trial registration: The study was registered under EudraCT number 2012-003531-40.

A Review on Current Development of Animal Bone-Based Sorbent for Heavy Metals Removal from Contaminated Water and Wastewater

2021 ◽  
Vol 897 ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
Sri Martini ◽  
Kiagus Ahmad Roni ◽  
Dian Kharismadewi ◽  
Erna Yuliwaty
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Heavy Metal Removal ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Animal Bone ◽  
Water And Wastewater ◽  
Cow Bone

This review article presents the usage of various animal bones such as chicken bone, fish bone, pig bone, camel bone, and cow bone as reliable biosorbent materials to remove heavy metals contained in contaminated water and wastewater. The sources and toxicity effects of heavy metal ions are also discussed properly. Then specific insights related to adsorption process and its influential factors along with the proven potentiality of selected biosorbents especially derived from animal bone are also explained. As the biosorbents are rich in particular organic and inorganic compounds and functional groups in nature, they play an important role in heavy metal removal from contaminated solutions. Overall, after conducting study reports on the literature, a brief conclusion can be drawn that animal bone waste has satisfactory efficacy as effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly sorbent material.

Impact of metals bioleaching on the nutrient value of biological nutrient removal biosolids

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 175-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdallah Shanableh ◽  
Pushpa Ginige
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Biological Nutrient Removal ◽  
Environment Protection ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Beneficial Use ◽  
Nutrient Value

The biosolids industry in Australia is evolving around the beneficial use of biosolids as a resource. Phosphorus rich biosolids from biological nutrient removal (BNR) facilities are highly desirable for land application. However, the accumulation of toxic heavy metals and industrial organic contaminants may render the biosolids unsuitable for land application. The presence of toxic heavy metals has been identified by Local Authorities in Australia as a major constraint limiting the beneficial use of biosolids. The potential of off-site contamination due to the migration of nutrients is also a major concern especially when applying biosolids to acidic agricultural land. Accordingly, the relevant environment protection and conservation agencies are involved in either developing or finalising guidelines to control the beneficial use of biosolids products. Metals bioleaching is a process achieved through bio-acidification. Bio-acidification of biosolids prior to land application can be used to dissolve and remove a significant fraction of the heavy metals content of the product. However, the process also reduces the nutrients content of the resource. Bio-acidification of Loganholme (Queensland) BNR biosolids dissolved 76% of the total phosphorus and 38% of the TKN. The heavy metals solubilisation results reached 50% for Cr, 79% for Ni, 45% for Zn, 24% for Cu, 30% for Cd, and 82% for Pb.

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